The Population and Family Life Education Project of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen consists of 2 separate but interrelated programs: school population and family life education; and out-of-school population and family life education. This project is directed towards the establishment and strengthening of population and family life education in the school system as well as in out-of-school activities. The school project includes the following: curriculum development in unity and secondary schools; production of text books, reference books, and audiovisual teaching aids; and teacher training programs. The out-of-school project includes the following: the strengthening of the General Union of Yemeni Women training centers; integration of family life education in the lieracy and post-literacy courses and in vocation education; and preparation of a Handbook on Family Life Education and Home Economics. The total proposed budget for the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) for the school population and family life education project is U.S. $495,800 for the 1979-1982 period. The budget for the out-of-school population and family life education is around U.S. $200,000 for the same period. Information on the following is included in this project proposal: background and supporting information; justification for the project; institutional framework; future UNFPA assistance; project objectives; and work plan. Immediate objectives include the following: launching a comprehensive population and family life education program to help in spreading population awareness and understanding of the demographic situation in Yemen; introducing population education for students in classes 4 to 8 and to reinforce the already existing components in classes 1-3 of the unity school and to integrate population education into selected subject matters from grades 9 to 11; to train approximately 1000 unity school level teachers and 160 pioneer teachers and 40 audiovisual aid pioneers in 4 years; and to train approximately 1500 pre-service teachers and 600 in-service teachers at the Higher College of Education.
Population education in secondary school curriculum.
This document lists the objectives of the social studies curriculum and then lists objectives and course descriptions for 2 courses in population education to be taught in the secondary schools. The 1st course has as its objectives: 1) to acquire knowledge and understanding about population conditions, causes of population change, and ways to deal with population problems; 2) to develop a responsible attitude about population; 3) to make rational decisions about population; 4) to apply the knowledge and experiences to improving the quality of life; and 5) to be enthusiastic about applying these experiences to improving social conditions. In this course students would study about population size, density, and distribution on various levels; the factors affecting birth, death, and migration; population size, the history of population changes in Thailand; and the economic, social, and educational effects of population imbalance. Social Studies 082, Population and the Quality of Life, an upper secondary school course, had as its objectives: 1) to understand the imbalance between population size, resources and the environment; 2) to understand the social problems which affect the quality of life in Thailand; 3) to know about the causes of and solutions for these problems; and 4) to use decision making to solve these problems. Students in the course would study the imbalance between population size, resources, and the environment; identify, analyze, and attempt to solve the existing social problems; practice problem-solving; and study the meaning of quality of life.
Project request from Solomon Islands government to United Nations Fund for Population Activities.
The population growth rate of the Solomon Islands is creating problems in ensuring that finance and skilled manpower resources are available to maintain the present standard of living. The purpose of this project is to improve the education and awareness of people to the reasons for and the consequences of this population phenomenon. It is hoped that this can be accomplished by the introduction of population education into the formal educational system and by promoting greater interest and involvement of the parents in the formal educational system. Long-range and short-range objectives have been fashioned; long-range include: 1) promoting greater awareness of the causes and consequences of population growth in the Islands; 2) enabling the formal education system to deal more appropriately with these and other related phenomena; and 3) promoting greater parent interest and involvement in the formal educational system. The degree of coordination between the various activities will determine the degree of project success. The coordinator must become completely familiar with the educational situation in the Solomon Islands. An expert will be made available and together they will plan the sequence of project activities. The expert will then: 1) prepare and run a national seminar on population and education for August 1980, 2) select and order appropriate teaching aids and reference materials for developing population education, 3) brief and teach local staff on all relevant population education issues and topics, and 4) lay the groundwork for the project to proceed towards the 2-day National Seminar. In August, the local staff individual will develop curriculum materials and during this process will plan a series of provincial seminars to raise awareness of population issues. Another peak of activity in the project comes in June-August 1981 when the yearly in-service training of some primary teachers occurs. At this time too the primary level population education materials are tested and the expert returns to check on progress. Finalization of all curriculum materials follows and the end of 1981 will mark the conclusion of the project with the distribution of materials throughout the educational system. The entire work plan is presented in chart form. The seminars could be the impetus for strategies and objectives for curriculum development. The institutional framework for this development is presented as are any advance preparations and provisions for follow-up activities. The final section presents a description and justification for project inputs--the international expert, travel, the local staff person, national seminars, provincial seminars, training courses, library books, and other materials.
[Preliminary synopsis of the demographic census (tables)]
This document presents the preliminary results of the national census of Brazil done in 1980; the census enumerated all the people present on the national territory and all the residents residing abroad. Native tribes living in the jungle in primitive conditions and with no contact with the rest of the population were not enumerated. For censal purposes the 27 federative units of Brazil were divided into 141,553 sectors. Brazil, with an area of 8,511,965 sq km, has a population of 119,098,992, with an annual population growth of 2.48% between 1970-80; the total population was of 17,438,434 in 1900. The southwest region of the country occupies only about 18% of the national territory and produces about 92% of all industrial output; it is home to about 43.45% of the total population. Urban population is 67.57% of the total population (31.24% in 1940). The city of Sao Paulo, the largest and richest city in the country, has a demographic density of 1,583,251 inhabitants/sq km and an annual population growth of 3.67%. Urbanization rate in the southwest region is over 80%. Besides presenting the main demographic data for each of the 141,553 demographic sectors of the country, the document presents comparative data with the censuses of 1940-1950, 1960, and 1970.
[Preliminary synopsis of the demographic census (tables)]
This document presents a synopsis of the results of the Brazilian National Census done on August 31, 1980; data presented are limited to the state of Rio de Janeiro. The census enumerated all the people present on the national territory and all residents temporarily abroad. The state of Rio de Janeiro occupies an extension of 43,305 sq km; in it are concentrated many of the industries of the country. The population of the state was 3,596,186 in 1940, and 11,297,327 in 1980. Population increase was 29.78% between 1940-50, and of 25.54% between 1970-80. Population density was 107.78/sq km in 1950 and 260.88/sq km in 1980. Average number of people/household was 4.17, with 95.68 men/100 women. The urban population represented 91.82% of the total population of the state, 80.71% of the total population being concentrated in 10 main cities. The state of Rio de Janeiro is divided into 14 "microregions"; the document presents detailed data for every region, and for every province, city, and village within each of them; it also contains 3 very clear geographic and demographic maps.
Family planning and population 1982. Communication and education catalogue.
The Field Support Service (FSS) provides a wide array of Information Education-Communication (IEC) support services for family planning education programs. This catalogue lists and describes these audiovisual support services which include pamphlets and leaflets; posters; flip charts and wall charts; radio programming; movies; slide/sound shows; person-to-person communication; family planning monographs, manuals, and books; audiovisual equipment and reapirs; books, journals, newsletters, and library services; and help in training, planning, production, research, monitoring, and evaluation of IEC activities. The Social Development Center or the Community and Family Study Center provide the materials without copyright royalties to nonprofit organizations or agencies for use in population programs and will help the customer modify the items to conform to his/her taste and needs. Inquiries should be addressed to: Field Support Service, Community and Family Study Center, 1411 East 60th Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA (telephone number, 312-753-2518).
Methodology for determination of breastfeeding patterns.
The relevant role that the nutritional status of the mother and her child have on the risk of pregnancy, and subsequently, fertility are explored. Only the mechanisms affected by chronic malnutrition are discussed. Comparisons are made between anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary indicators. Clinical assessments are not used due to the problem in quantifying clinical indicators of malnutrition. The effect of maternal nutrition on fertility can be examined in relation to the length of the reproductive span from menarche to menopause, and to the components of the interval between births. Evidence for a direct association between maternal nutrition and birth interval components is presented first, followed by an examination of the influence that child nutrition and morbidity have on suckling patterns, and therefore fertility. The evidence for a substantial effect of chronic maternal malnutrition on extending the duration of postpartum infecundity is minimal. Malnutriton appears to have only a slight impact on the duration of amenorrhea, no measurable effect on the waiting time to conception, and a demographically unimportant effect on rates of fetal loss. 1 study illustrated an association of supplementation with a decreased duration of amenorrhea, but there are alternate explanations for this change. The level of supplementation used in the study is very unlikely to occur under nonexperimental conditions. Child nutrition affects the risk of pregnancy through the frequency of nutritive and nonnutritive suckling. Malnourished children suckle more frequently than those who are better nourished. Children who are fed supplemental foods with bottles exhibit lower rates of suckling; those who are hand-fed (and who sleep with the mother at night and are fed on demand) appear to maintain high levels of suckling. The risk of pregnancy is inhibited when suckling is high. When it declines to below threshold levels, increases in fecundity are noted. The high prevalence of illnesses among children in developing countries, with assoicated anorexia and worsening nutritonal status, seem to help maintain high levels of suckling, and thus in part may contribute to reduced fertility. The policy implications of the evidence are reviewed.
A selected annotated bibliography: minority adolescent sexuality and pregnancy, Volume I.
Presents annotations to citations selected as relevant to minorities and helpful to those attempting to serve the needs of black adolescents. Items are arranged alphabetically by author and coded according to the following subject categories: general perspectives on adolescent development; adolescent sexuality; contraception; service delivery to minority clients (including racial composition of client/worker dyad and treatment techniques); adolescent pregnancy overview (causes, social and economic consequences, health risks); issues in conceptualizing services for minorities (research, policy, planning, training and education for service providers); literature; parenting; sex education; adolescent fathers; and programs and services for adolescents.
The Nigeria Law and Population Project.
The study of law and population undertaken by the Faculty of Law, University of Ife, in collaboration with the Institute of Population and Manpower Studies of the university, is part of the world-wide project sponsored by the United Nations to determine the effects of local legislation and regulations on population growth. This 1st report deals with contraception and fertility regulation, and is based on scheduled interviews, study of case law, statutory enactments, government policy documentations and written reports of voluntary agencies. The topics covered include government attitude toward assistance, inducement, prohibitions and restrictions on contraceptive programs; anticipated future government involvement; domestic production of contraceptives; importation of contraceptives; transportation of contraceptives; sale of contraceptives; instructions in use; quality controls; advertising; official distribution; control of fees and costs; and financial aid. The questionnaire on which the report was based is included as an appendix.
Bangladesh contraceptive prevalence survey report - 1979.
Introductory remarks provide a brief description of Bangladesh, including population growth patterns since 1974. The people of Bangladesh have been exposed to family planning ideas since the 1940s. Family planning activities since that time are listed. Some background is given on the Bangladesh Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (BCPS). A joint effort of the Government of Bangladesh and the United States Agency for International Development, BCPS had as its main objectives to develop and institutionalize a contraceptive prevalence survey as an ongoing data collection procedure for evaluating the efficacy of the family planning program, to collect data so that the knowledge and use of contraceptives and the availability of supplies may be ascertained, to obtain information on the relationship between selected population characteristics and contraceptive practices. The design of the survey is given. Characteristics of the 15,481 women interviewed in BCPS are discussed, including education, age, religion, work and marital status, and husband's education. Respondents knowledge of family planning methods on several levels is discussed. Fertility rates and future fertility desires are explored. Findings of the survey are summarized. Appendices include: 1) the formulation of sampling probabilities; 2) the questionnaire used in BCPS; 3) charts of selected findings from the 1979 BCPS.
A phased operations research approach was used to develop guidelines for implementation of a government policy to develop a network of sound health facilities for Sierra Leone. Using the Western Area as the model structure, a situation analysis, protocol development and simulation-validation and test-run were carried out. The study produced recommendations for optimizing the siting, staffing and functions of basic health facilities. Standardization of staffing patterns based on population and work load, development of health manpower, proper identification of health facilities by sign-posts, nonduplication of services by private facilities, establishment of mobile health teams for underserved areas, incentives for health workers and integration of health care objectives into community planning are items recommended in the guidelines.
Unwanted pregnancy and child abuse and neglect [bibliography]
Covers material published in the late 1960s and 1970s, abstracted and with key words, categorized according to the following subject areas: laws, audiovisuals, research, documents, or programs.
Sex is not a dirty word: a guide about love and growing up for young people.
This booklet, aimed at teenagers, discusses aspects of puberty and maturation in an effort to help avoid or solve common problems of adolescence. Separate short chapters discuss physical development, the changes of puberty, and personal hygiene; sexual behavior, including erection, ejaculation, wet dreams, masturbation, orgasm, homosexuality, petting, sexual intercourse, and sexually transmitted diseases; relationships, including friendship, male and female roles, romantic love, dating, engagement, marriage, parenting, and family; and planned parenthood, including conception, pregnancy, childbirth, contraception, sterilization, and abortion. The text is simple and nontechnical, unfamiliar terms are defined, and illustrations and diagrams are provided thoughout.
[Honduras: demographic indicators 1970-2000]
The population of Honduras was 2,639,000 in 1970, and it is estimated it will be 6,978,000 in the year 2000. The dependency burden, which was 99.8% in 1970, is expected to decrease to 88.8% by the year 2000. Crude mortality rate was 13.75/1000 in 1970-75, and is expected to be 6.26/1000 in 1995-2000; life expectancy will go from 54.12 to 67.79 during the same years. Crude fertility rate will go from 48.60/1000 to 37.99/1000, with the highest rate of fecundity within the age group 25-29.
[Population workshop: notes from the working sessions, February-April 1980]
The Population Unit was created in 1979 within the Honduras Department of Statistics of the Superior Council for Economic Planning. Objective of the Population Unit is to study and to stress the importance of all problems related to population. 10 main themes were discussed in the workshop: 1) evolution of world population, with special consideration to Latin America; 2) trends of population dynamics throughout the world; 3) sex and age composition of the population of Honduras; 4) evaluation of data and of sources of data; 5) trends of fertility, physiological variables and social and economic variables; 6) evolution and characteristics of mortality and health status of the population; 7) internal and external migration; 8) characteristics of the working population; 9) types and quality of housing facilities; and 10) the educational status of the population. The report includes an extensive bibliography divided into subjects, and many charts and tables.
Instructional materials on population education for key persons and resource persons.
Focus in these instructional materials for key persons and resource persons working in the field of population education is on the following: the world population problem; the population situation in India; the implications of population growth and the role of education; the meaning, objectives, and scope of population education; population education policies; India's national project of population education; the role of key persons and resource persons; program evaluation and follow-up activities; and selected demographic concepts and their definition. The present population situation in India is alarming and poses a great challenge to the planners and builders of the country. Most countries, including India, have recognized the interrelationship between population and development. Population education is defined as the process by which the student investigates and explores the nature and meaning of population processes, population characteristics, the causes of population change, and the consequences of their processes. Population education is meant to supplement family planning. Its intention is to enrich and innovate in school disciplines which deal with population related issues. Basically population education would aim at creating among the younger generation an awareness and understanding of the phenomenon of population and its growth, its causes and its trends, and major factors affecting it. In India it is envisaged that population education should form an integral part of the general education of the children at school levels and beyond. It is intended that population education be integrated into the present syllabus.
Management improvement of national family planning programme in Malaysia: a draft plan of action.
The Malaysian government adopted family planning as a national policy in 1964; the National Family Planning Board (NFPB) was established in 1966 to implement the program. The long range target was to reduce annual population growth to 2% and birth rate to 26/1000 by 1985. By 1975 only 57% of estimated new acceptors had been recruited, and only 64% of estimated continuing users were still in the program. The NFPB function is to formulate policies and methods for the promotion and spread of family planning; to program, direct, administer, and coordinate family planning activities; to conduct family planning research; to promote studies and research of a clinical and of a social order; and to set up a systematic evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the program. The national program is being carried out in 4 phases, involving the large metropolitan areas, smaller cities, all areas with health facilities, and all remaining areas, respectively. Phase 4 is now being undertaken in rural areas by integrating family planning with other health services, and through the use of mobile teams, midwife clinics, and village midwives. In urban areas NFPB delivers services through existing clinics. Problems currently being encountered are related to inadequate internal agency coordination, lack of trained personnel, no clear policy on dissemination of information, no clear-cut authority, inadequate physical facilities, and limited evaluation and research. Some alternative solutions to the above mentioned problems could be: 1) undertaking of continuous management improvement studies; 2) systematic training of personnel involved in the program; 3) introduction of incentive plans to encourage couples to have small families; and 4) undertaking a multidisciplinary system approach in the implementation of the program. Consultancy services and projects should consider as some of the priorities the identification of the training needs of the personnel involved, and the identification of any management problem to better develop an effective information system for purposes of feedback, evaluation, and decision making.
The objectives of the national study are the following: to identify and analytically clarify management issues and problems in family planning program administration; to serve as analytical resource material for Management Development Program on "Implementation Systems Development for Family Planning Programmes;" and to provide a systematic base for cooperative analysis and synthesis on the subject so as to enable development of a set of management strategies for effective realization of family planning program objectives. The unit of analysis in this study would be the implementation process of national family planning programs. The implementation systems for family planning programs could be defined as integrated sets of interrelated activities which are relevant to the achievement of program objectives. Some of the major components of the national study are listed. To provide a common framework for review and analysis of implementation systems for family planning and population programs, examples of major aspects to be examined in the national study are suggested. The proposed outline covers the following: planning of the program and integration with the national development policy, task specification and target setting for programs; organizational/institutional arrangements; mobilization and allocation of resources; management techniques; delivery system at the field level; popular support and participation; and research and training. The study would summarize major factors or elements which influenced program implementation and identify key issues which would require closer attention for improving operation of the program in the future. Study findings could be presented in terms of dynamic relationships between variables and other relevant factors. The methodology to be followed by the national studies could include review of existing materials and research reports since there are several studies conducted which are related, directly, or indirectly, to the purpose of the proposed national studies. It is recommended that the national study be conducted in close cooperation or collaboration with practitioners, particularly those who will be nominated as participants in the Management Development Program. The national studies will be conducted by members of the study team, based on their individual countries, during a period of 5-6 months, beginning June 1974. An implementation schedule is included.
Reports on the Natural Family Planning Program undertaken by 61 Catholic dioceses in India under the direction and funding of the Indo-German Social Service Society. A progress report for the period January 1978 to December 1980 is presented. Out of 96,641 couple-users in the 61 dioceses there were 760 unplanned pregnancies, yielding an effectiveness rate of 99.2% for the 36 month period. An additional 1718 planned pregnancies occurred. Results of independent sample surveys and evaluation studies of programs in some of the individual dioceses are presented. Reviews of the program and recommendations for its improvement are included.
[United Nations Fund for Population Activities project request]
Chile has an annual population growth of 1.9%, lower than most countries in Latin America, but large enough to double its population in 37 years. Rural-urban migration is extremely intensive in some industrialized areas, causing a very quick urbanization process, with consequent situations of marginality, crime, and extreme poverty. In 1970, 70% of the population lived in urban areas. At the same time rural areas and villages are abandoned, contributing to the economic imbalance of the country. This document presents to Unesco a proposal for a project to utilize population education in reestablishing regional development in Chile. Direct antecedent for the project was the Diagnostic Report on Population Education presented to Unesco in 1975. Objectives of the project are: 1) to motivate different groups of people in the different regions to the need of regional development; 2) to implement programs of population education at all levels within the existing educational curriculum; 3) to provide teachers and students with appropriate documentation and materials; and 4) to prepare a pilot program in population education, integrating sex and family education with demographic and ecologic education. The project proposal contains a working plan and schedule of the proposed project for 1979-83, a list of needed personnel and needed equipment, and a detailed list of projected expenses. Total cost would be U.S. $427,600 to be disbursed by Unesco, and U.S. $448,349 to be disbursed by the government of Chile.
[AFP cites Jiefang Ribao on Shanghai abortions]
The leader of a network of illegal abortionists in China's city of Shanghai was recently sentenced to 3 years in a labor camp. The Shanghai Liberation Daily reported today that Gu Xuezhong started his career by finding an abortionist for a young girl he had made pregnant without getting married. Encouraged by his success, he then joined a former convict and an abortionist to mount an operation on a larger scale. 20 unmarried young women resorted to their service, paying an average of 200 yuan (130 dollars) as well as giving many gifts. The Chinese authorities strongly advise against sex relations outside the scope of marriage. Although abortion is theoretically available free of charge, young unmarried girls are still frequently the target of various rough jokes from hospital staff in charge of carrying out abortions, not counting the social reprimand a pregnancy not sanctioned by marriage incurs. The newspaper said it was Shanghai public security officials who had decided to hand down the sentence of 3 years of "re-education through labor." Re-education through labor is always done in a labor camp. The paper did not report however whether Gu's accomplices had been punished. (full text)
Findings on demonstration of population education in elementary and secondary schools.
The study purpose was to reascertain the validity and relevancy of the draft of Korea's population education curriculum that was revised on the basis of the 1st tryout results and to illuminate the teachers' opinions about it. The specific objectives of this tryout are manifested in the following questions: are there any instructional objectives inconsistent with the general goal of population education; are the instructional objectives relevant to the students in terms of learning competency and development stage; are the selected contents so adequate as to effect the achievement of objectives; has the instructional procedure fully taken into account the sequence of content; and are the instruction hours allocated by subject matter appropriate. The population selected for this tryout included grades 4, 5, and 6 of primary schools and all grades of middle and high schools. Study results are presented in the following categories: students' achievement; teachers' opinions of population education curriculum; and observations of tryout instruction. The basic assumption was that the difference of student achievement between the experimental and control groups might provide clarification regarding the effectiveness of the new curriculum and instructional materials as compared with the existing ones. There was a statistically significant variation of student achievement between the experimental and control groups at all grades of primary schools. In the middle schools, the result failed to show a consistent trend between the 2 groups at all grades. Major cities showed the highest achievement level, followed by minor cities and rural areas. The teachers expressed affirmative attitude regarding the need for population education, and this finding was consistent with that of the 1st tryout. The number of teachers who expressed opposition to population education was negligible (12%). In general, the teachers were well aware of the instructional objectives and content of population education. This was particularly attributable to the training they underwent before participating in the tryout. It may also be the result of their concern with population education. The following are among the suggestions made on the basis of the results: population education must be taught for youngsters and must be introduced at the early developmental stages; the infusion approach must go hand in hand with the unit approach; and teacher training needs to be conducted on a continuing basis.
The intention of this guide is to both deepen and broaden the teacher's awareness of population education within the framework of social awareness. The approaches to the population education topic which should be included in the curriculum are the following: a special area such as extra-curriculum activities; a separate independent course; a special unit in more than 2 subject matters; a unit in a selected subject matter; infusion of the topic into each unit of all subject matters; and permeation of the topic into all units of selected subject matters. This guide includes the following: domain and content outline of population education; population education objectives by grade; population education content by domain and grade; teacher's guide for population education instruction (1st, 2nd, and 3rd grades); and evaluation of the pupils and the questionnaire given to class teachers on population education. Population education objectives for 1st grade students include the following: 1) to understand members in homes, community, and school, and the kinds of work they do in their living surroundings; and 2) to have such knowledge as the number of people next door, at school, and in the community, their circumstances and the types of jobs they have. Objectives for the 2nd grade include: 1) to have an idea of the features of the hamlets and the size of the population in their native land; and 2) to keep up with the number of the people and houses, area of the land, and the types of main occupations around their native country. 3rd grade objectives include: 1) to be aware of the patterns of family planning and the characteristics of the inhabitants' life that vary according to the time and region; and 2) to be familiar with the number of people, their distribution, and organization by region. An appendix includes teaching aids and population statistics.
Handbook on population education (Soc 361). Secondary grade III. Vol 1.
This handbook for secondary grade 3 has been prepared as a guideline for teachers to facilitate the teaching of this subject area. The topics and teaching methods suggested are only examples to serve as guidelines. Several problems are presented that result from the imbalance among resources, environment, and population size. In classroom situations, the teacher can select any topic suggested in the handbook or add others which they consider appropriate to the students or their communities. The criteria for problem selection are the following: problems that actually happen in the community or affect students' living conditions; problems that are within the abilities of students to solve and prevent; and problems with adequate data in which students can investigate to obtain information to support their decision making. Any teaching method used must emphasize the problem solving process. Students in different communities will offer different ways of solving problems depending on the situation. The examples of teaching units include the following: road accidents; failure in entrance examination; skipping lunch; frequent damage and loss of library books; dispute over sports competition; buying commodities according to advertisement; lack of learning materials and equipment; extravagance in the arrangement of ceremonies; not making friends with good people; lack of generosity and cooperation among students; drug abuse; students becoming prostitutes; poor health at a premature age; and inappropriate disposal of refuse. The appendix lists topical problems which teachers can select to present in class and reference books on population education.
Joint IGCC/IPPF Workshop on Population Education Programme Administration.
There were 24 participants to the Joint Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee International Planned Parenthood Federation workshop on the subject of population education program administration. This 3-day workshop, held in September 1979, was an attempt for all participants to review and exchange ideas and concepts on this important area of population education. Dr. L. S. Sodhy, the Secretary General of the Joint Intergovernmental Coordinating Committee, commented on the growing interest in population education and how it could create a wider base for the acceptance of family planning. He reminded the group to review in depth whatever has been achieved in population education and to think carefully of the plans to be made. The following were among the significant highlights of the opening address: a high priority has been given to population education in development efforts of IGCC countries; the potential of population education in developing awareness and understanding of the population problem and its implications to quality of life is great; and there is a need to clarify the misconceptions that continue to abound about population education. Country reports for the following countries are included in these proceedings: Indonesia; Korea; Malaysia; Nepal; Singapore; Philippines; and Thailand. Papers covering the following subject areas are also included: training strategies of population education; curricula perception in population education; curriculum development in population education; research and evaluation in population education; population education and birth planning strategies; and evaluation abuse. A listing of workshop participants is provided.
The mission of the Bureau of Maternity Services and Family Planning, established in the 1940s in New York City, was and is to protect, promote, and ensure the health and well-being of mothers and newborns in the city. The efforts of the Bureau are identified and reviewed: standards and guidelines; nurse midwifery; abortion; family planning; and data collection. The Bureau disseminates information in the form of memoranda, guidelines, and standards to both physicians and hospitals in New York City, and it evaluates obstetric and neonatal services and the level of care offered in hospitals throughout the city. The evaluations have had a major impact on the maintenance of high standards of care. Additionally, the Bureau has pioneered in the establishment of a premature center program in New York City. The Bureau has established standards for the certification of nurse midwives who function in the city, and has required recertification on an annual basis. In July 1970 the Bureau promulgated standards for the performance of abortion which were instrumental in achieving a good safety record. The Bureau has developed and disseminated standards for family planning services in hospitals and/or clinics and monitors and collects data regarding elective voluntary sterilization. The statistical information collected by the Bureau has served as a basis for research, changes in medical practice, and the creation of appropriate legislation. The Committee on Public Health urges the city's municipal leaders to recognize the outstanding contribution of the Bureau over the past 40 years and to assign the highest priority in fiscal planning to the continuance of the Bureau's role and its high level of activity.
Elementary population activities kit.
This kit, which is prepared for the elementary school level, consists of 10 individual modules. It contains numerous learning activities which will encourage children to explore various population and environmental issues and concepts. Each activity is self-contained, or can be used in conjunction with other activities in the kit to form a unit of study. Many folders have a "master" insert which can easily be reproduced for classroom exercises. The Population Action Cards activity, suitable for both upper and lower elementary levels, contains 19 action cards which can be used by the teacher or the students themselves. In addition to the basic instructional kit, various educational aids such as "World Prospects for ZPG," Alan Arkin's "The Lemming Condition," a glossary of basic demographic terms, the Population Reference Bureau's "1980 World Population Data Sheet," and the "Ranger Rick's Nature Magazine" reprint "Populations" are included. Other inexpensive and commonplace materials such as peanuts, magic markers, poker chips and the like may be supplied by the student or teacher. These materials were field tested in Tennessee classrooms under the direction of the Tennessee Technological University Department of Elementary Education and in teacher training workshops in 5 additional states. Other Zero Population Growth materials which may assist the teacher in planning population/environmental units are listed.
The research was directed at selecting and organizing educational topics concerning population problems that should be included in school education in Korea. In the effort to obtain necessary basic data, a survey was conducted among teachers and students over the June 1970 to May 1971 period on the extent of their knowledge and their attitudes toward population problems. Topics related to population problems contained in the existing school textbooks were also analyzed. The numbers sampled are as follows: 15,246 students and 4234 teachers. The following were among the survey results: 1) most teachers and students were aware of the seriousness of population problems; 2) a considerable number of teachers and students did not consider population problems as "serious" or maintained an indifferent attitude toward population problems; 3) on the average, teachers wanted to have 3.56 children and have an average of 2.78 children; 4) those teachers who wanted to have more children had a small number of children or no children; 5) students, on the average, liked having 3-4 brothers and sisters and wanted to have abut 3 children in the future; 6) most teachers and students supported population control programs as a national policy but a relatively small number of teachers considered birth control as "moral," while a majority believed that moral questions had no bearing on birth control; 7) students in upper grades gave more accurate responses to questions concerning population problems than those in lower grades; 8) most teachers believed that "the facts of population phenomena" should be dealt with extensively in primary and middle schools and the overpopulation problems in primary, middle, and high schools; 9) a majority of teachers believed that students are not as familiar with population problems as they should be; and 10) teachers considered the lack of instructional materials to be the most serious problem confronting them in teaching population problems.
This study evaluates population education curriculum for Teachers' Training Colleges in Bangladesh. Study objectives were the following: to assess the achievement of students' knowledge on population education; to assess the change in students' attitudes towards population issues and population education; to elicit students' opinions on different aspects of population education curricula; and to elicit teachers' opinions of the Teachers' Training colleges on different aspects of population education curricula. 4 Teachers' Training Colleges were selected. All the students in these colleges enrolled in the academic year 1979-1980 were considered as the sample population of the study. 2 tests were developed to assess students' knowledge in attitude towards population issues and population education. At the time of the pre-test the knowledge base of the sample of the students of the teachers' training colleges was found to fall between 7.75 and 9.34 in terms of mean test scores. With a mean score of 9.34 the sample of students drawn from the Dacca Teachers' Training College had the highest score and with the mean test score of 7.75 the sample of students drawn from Mymensingh Training College for women had the lowest. The mean post-test score for the group varied between 9.93 and 11.16 with the highest score for the sample group belonging to Rangpur Teachers' Training College. In both the pre- and post-test, attitude was found to be quite favorable. It was found that none of the colleges possessed sufficient reading materials on population education. The time allotted for teaching population education was found to be inadequate.
Fertility trends among Scottish teenagers.
The reproductive behavior of teenagers in Scotland during the 1970s has been characterized by the following: a substantial reduction in births to married couples; a constant (and high) rate of premarital pregnancy; a relatively constant rate of illegitimacy; and a rapid increase in the abortion rate. Live births to teenagers in Scotland increased from below 6000 in 1960 to an average well in excess of 9000 a year during the late 1960s and early 1970s. This increase in numbers may be understood as the result jointly of several factors: a rapid rise in illegitimacy; a modest rise on average in fertility among married teenagers; a substantial rise in the number of teenagers actually entering marriage; and a small increase in the number of persons in the 15-19 age group. Fertility rates for teenagers continued to rise for several years after fertility among women at all ages had begun to decline. Births to teenagers accounted for less than 6% of all births in 1960, for over 12% of all births between 1973 and 1975, and for just above 11% of all births in 1977. Legitimate teenage fertility has been in decline since the early 1960s. Scottish teenagers had 2800 fewer births in 1977 than in 1966. Over 2/3 of 1st births to married Scottish teenagers are conceived before marriage. The proportion of teenage births involving a premarital conception has remained quite stable in the 1970s. Estimates based on marriage statistics suggest that possibly 1 in every 4 teenage brides is pregnant at marriage. Approximately 2200 illegitimate births occurred to Scottish teenagers in 1977; over 2000 illegitimate births have occurred annually to Scottish teenagers since 1971. The illegitimacy rate for teenagers has shown little fluctuation in this decade. The pattern of increase in girls having abortions is clear. The rate itself, doubling between 1970 and 1973, may now have stabilized. Just under 1 in 3 teenage extramarital conceptions now ends in abortion. The number of extramarital conceptions resulting in a legitimate birth has fallen sharply, and there may be a relationship between these 2 trends.
In Scotland the abortion rate has consistently remained below England's. 1969 was the 1st year in which the Abortion Act was in force, and trends are considered from that date. The number of abortions doubled in Scotland between 1969 and 1972, and this rate is reflected both in the abortion rate (abortions per 1000 women aged 15-44) and in the abortion ratio (abortions per 1000 live births). A plateau of about 7500 abortions a year was reached in the mid-1970s. Since 1974 the number of abortions occurring annually, and the abortion rate have both declined slightly. The abortion ratio has continued to rise since 1974 because the fall in abortions annually has been less rapid then the decline in Scottish fertility in the same period. Over 95% of Scottish abortions in 1978 were carried out because of risk to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman, a slight increase since the beginning of the decade. In 1978 for the 1st time 50% of abortions occurred to single women and under 40% to married women. Consistent with the shift towards abortion among single women, there has also been a movement towards abortion among the younger age groups. The increase in abortions to women under age 20 was particularly marked. There has been a corresponding fall in the proportion of abortions obtained by women aged 30-39. The proportion of abortions occurring to women in the 20-29 age group and to women aged over 40 has remained about constant. Just under 1/2 of Scottish abortions in 1978 occurred to childless women compared with 36% in 1969. 80% of all abortions now occur to women with 2 children or less. Significant numbers of women normally resident in Scotland obtain abortions ion England and Wales. These abortions increased rapidly between 1970 and 1973. In general, Health Boards in the West of Scotland have abortion rates below the Scottish average while Health Boards in the East of Scotland have rates above the national average. Even between 1972 and 1974, when almost 7600 abortions a year were performed in Scotland, the Scottish abortion rate remained well below the rates for many other countries also possessing relatively liberal abortion legislation. Recent abortion ratios for selected populations representing Europe, North America and Asia are reported in a table. The rate for Scotland was below all the countries except the Netherlands.
Facts about injectable contraceptives.
There have been many reports of late regarding the safety and effectiveness of injectable contraceptives, yet there is still considerable confusion and uncertainty. The attempt is made in this discussion to clarify the issues by outlining the results of recent research in animal and human subjects. The current state of knowledge on injectable hormonal contraceptives is summarized. Attention is directed to the following: injectable preparations available for contraception; animal studies; human studies (pharmacology, effectiveness, bleeding problems, metabolic effects, neoplasia, return of fertility, and effects on progeny). Some data from animal studies have raised concern about the possible carcinogenicity of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), but certain animal models used appear to be inappropriate for studying the effects of these steroids in human subjects. A large number of clinical trials, including multicenter studies organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) have been carried out in many countries with both DMPA and NET-EN. The 2 steroid preparations have a similar mechanism of action in inhibiting gonadotropin production by the pituitary gland, which thus prevents ovulation. They do, however, show certain pharmacological differences. The differences in formulation are reflected in the levels of steroid found in the blood. From both DMPA and NET-EN the continuation rates have been found to vary markedly among different populations, ranging from 15% to nearly 90% at 1 year. Pregnancy rates (method failures) have been consistently low with DMPA, less than 1 pregnancy/100 woman years of use. The pregnancy rate reported with NET-EN has varied according to the interval between injections. A dose of 200 mg every 12 weeks resulted in a pregnancy rate considered to be unacceptably high (3.6/100 woman years) in 1 clinical trial undertaken by WHO. A more frequent administration of NET-EN in the same trial resulted in a pregnancy rate of less than 1/100 woman years at 18 months. The majority of women who receive DMPA or NET-EN experience some disruption of their normal menstrual cycle, defined as a cycle of 26-35 days' duration in which bleeding/spotting lasts for 2-8 weeks. Women frequently report irregular bleeding, spotting, and amenorrhea, but heavy or prolonged bleeding is uncommon. DMPA and NET-EN appear to be acceptable methods of fertility regulation.
Comparisons are made between two sets of mid-1971 population estimates for local authorities in England and Wales. One set is based on the 1961 census and the other on the 1971 census. (ANNOTATION)
Estimates of the population of the United States May 1-July 1, 1981
Oversight on efforts to reduce infant mortality and to improve pregnancy outcome
This publication contains the text of an oversight hearing held in June 1980 before the Subcommittee on Child and Human Development to examine the problem of infant mortality in the United States and to review federal efforts to improve maternal and child health services. Selected statistics are included on prenatal care, infants with low birth weights, women using family planning services, and infant, neonatal, and perinatal mortality (ANNOTATION)
One file (8,540 logical records) and one codebook. This file contains summmary statistics prepared in the format that is to be used for the 1980 census P.L. 94-171 Population Counts. The file is intended for software testing and analysis of the data for Richmond, Virginia. "Population counts are provided for total; White; Black; American Indian; Eskimo, and Aleut; Asian and Pacific Islander; and other races; and Spanish origin." (EXCERPT)
[The combined medical-social indication can justify emergency]
District Court considered circumstances which would justify the means for prevention of pregancy in cases where pregnancy would have to be interrupted because of harm and/or danger to the woman, and cases where pregnancy would mean severe economic hardship to the family. Court affirmed that those circumstances may arise and posed no objections under certain conditions. Sterilization, as such, is perpetration of bodily harm and punishable under law. 13 defendants were found guilty of bodily injury because of sterilization procedures on women. 11 cases were assumed to be intentional, 2 cases due to negligence. Common to all cases was the intent of the procedure--rendering the subjects sterile--and the consent of the women to the intent of the procedure. Consent and desire of the woman for the procedure does not make it legal. The woman has no free choice about her own sexual function in this. The common good of people and state takes precedence. Sterilization procedure is permissible only for healing of existing diseases or to prevent exacerbation or start of disease. Even if the dangers of pregnancy could be prevented by other (contraception) methods such a procedure is permissible. The threat to health must be serious and actual, not minimal or remote. When a physician in assessing threat to life has erred in judgement there is no intentional harm but only negligence. When a sterilization procedure fails and ability to conceive remains intact, the procedure is still illegal and punishable because of intent to sterilize. When a procedure was done to prevent conception for the time being, with the intention of sterilization reversal at a later date, the procedure is illegal. Designation of crime lies in the intent according to paragraph 225 of the Penal Code. No exact position is taken by the Court on social reasons for a sterilization procedure. Opinion of the Court is that it should in any case cause severe economic hardship to the family and not merely a constraint in the economic situation.
The Jiangxi Provincial People's Government recently held a provincial conference on family planning work. According to the conference, the stress of the family planning work in Jiangxi in 1981 is to urge each married couple to have a single child and to call on young people to marry and have a child late. The natural population growth rate of Jiangxi Province dropped to 0.911% in 1980. However, the planned population growth rate in Jiangxi for 1981 is set at 1.2% because of the large number of young people who were born in the peak population growth period of the 1960s and are reaching the age of fertility. During the conference, Vice Governor Xu Qin delievered a work report. (full text)
Minilaparotomy or laparoscopy for sterilization: a multicenter, multinational randomized study.
A multicenter, multinational randomized comparison of minilaparotomy and modified Pomeroy tubal ligation and laparoscopy with tubal electrocoagulation for interval sterilization of women was conducted in 8 centers (Bangkok, Havana, London, Los Angeles, Santiago, Seoul, Singapore, and Sydney). Results were analyzed for 791 women in the minilaparotomy group and 819 in the laparoscopy group. Major complications occurred in 1.5% of women in the minilaparotomy group and 0.9% in the laparoscopy group. The most serious complications were injury to other organs and excessive bleeding. Technical problems or major anesthetic complications occurred in 0.5% of subjects undergoing minilaparotomy and 0.9% of subjects undergoing laparoscopy. Minilaparotomy was associated with more minor complications (11.6%) and complaints (34.1%) than laparoscopy (6% and 26.5%). This study has demonstrated small but clinically manageable differences between the 2 methods. Because of its more simple requirements in terms of equipment and training, minilaparotomy is the preferred approach for services provided away from a major institution. (author's modified)
[Instruction on irreversible contraception for women, April 21, 1969]
Permission for irreversible contraception can be legally granted in exceptional cases when there is a serious threat to life and health of the woman and no reversible contraceptive methods can be used. Regulations and instructions for application for such permission include the following: 1) Informed consent of the woman after disclosure of risks involved. 2) Written application by the woman to the authorized district physician. 3) Application must be accompanied by opinions of attending physicians, who will perform the procedure and that of the specialist consulted for the woman's illness affecting her health status. 4) District physician evaluates application together with district Committee for Pregnancy Interruption and forwards their findings to the Regional Board of the Department of Health and Social Affairs. 5) Regional Board evaluates application, documents of physicians, and findings of district Committee. 6) The Regional Board will authorize permission for procedure after above conditions are fulfilled. 7) Committee's decision follows within 21 days of receipt of application. Protocol is put down in writing and written decision is forwarded to applicant and physicians involved. 8) Procedure is performed after receipt of written permission. 9) Clinical director informs the district physician about results and method of procedure 6 weeks after procedure. 10) Application for procedure is free of charge and treatment method is paid for by national insurance. 11) All documents of the case are filed with relevant Regional Board of the Dept. of Health and Social Affairs. 12) Biannual reports on sterilization statistics are sent by director of above Board to the Ministry of Public Health. Analysis of statistics is done by the ministry's Central Commission for Family Planning. When unavoidable sterility results from procedures not intended for contraception, and when such procedures are done to prevent serious threat to the woman's life and health, the above conditions for application and permission do not apply.
Brazil: human resources special report.
This report, based on the findings of a World Bank mission to Brazil in October-November 1977, presents a historical and prospective analysis of Brazil's demography and government policies for improving health, nutrition, education, housing, and access to basic urban services. Population growth projections to the year 2000 are presented and their implication discussed. An 85-page appendix on population includes chapters on demographic trends and patterns, population change and development issues, demographic characteristics and socioeconomic factors, population policies, and future population growth.
Problems with the 1980 census: hearing, March 18, 1980
This publication is the result of a hearing held to examine plans for the 1980 U.S. census. The report "focuses on implementation of programs intended to reduce the undercount of minorities, undocumented aliens, and college students, particularly in urban areas. (EXCERPT)
[The nationality structure of the population of the USSR]
[The nationality structure of the population of the USSR]
[The nationality structure of the population of the USSR]
[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia--the last 35 years]
Statistical tables include data for Yugoslavia on population size for the whole country and by republic; number of inhabitants; and birth, death, and natural growth rates for selected year, 1939-1979 (ANNOTATION)
[Register of cities and communities in the Hungarian People's Republic, 1977]
[Population census, 1979: results from manual processing]
[Income sources and social classes]
Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands
"...This publication presents data on the situation and reactions of immigrants from Latin America in various spheres of life, one year and three years after their arrival in Israel." The data, based on the Survey of Immigrant Absorption, pertain to immigrants aged 18-70 at the time of immigration. Information is included on absorption processes in housing, work, language, and society according to age group, number of years of study, religious observance abroad, and activity in a Zionist or Jewish organization abroad. (EXCERPT)
[Final report of the mission. Annex 2]
This publication contains 48 tables which present definitive raw data from the 1975 census of the Central African Republic. Data are included on households and household heads; housing; institutional and total population; basic demographic characteristics including sex, age, and marital status; cultural characteristics including literacy, educational level, and school attendance; economic characteristics including occupation and branch of activity; current and total fertility; mortality; nationality and place of birth; place of origin of internal and international migrants; and duration of residence
This is a report on the feasibility of extending the annual electoral registration canvass to provide more accurate and detailed population estimates for local areas in the United Kingdom. Information to be collected, public acceptability of the proposal, quality of the canvass, responsibility for the canvass, costs and financing, and use of the information are discussed (ANNOTATION)
This is the report of a project established to conduct a census in the Central African Republic in December 1975. The report includes technical recommendations, conclusions, a guide for reconstructing the sex and age structure of the population, a summary bibliography, and a calendar of census activities (ANNOTATION)
[The nationality structure of the population of the USSR]
Data are presented on the nationality structure and languages of the Tadzhik, Armenian, Turkmen, and Estonian republics. Information is also presented on the size and growth of the main nationalities by republics (ANNOTATION)
This publication contains the report of the British Computer Society on the issue of confidentiality and computing in the 1981 census, together with the Governments's replies to the recommendations of the Society. (ANNOTATION)
[Eighth population census and third housing census. In 2 vols]
These volumes contain information on the eighth population census and the third housing census of Peru, which were conducted in 1980. Topics include the census program and methodology, definitions and concepts employed, and the questionnaires used (ANNOTATION)
Census Update: Supplement to Data User News
This issue includes items on 1980 U.S. census fieldwork; sample processing; the status of 1980 census lawsuits; training activities; data on race, Spanish origin, and ancestry; 1980 census subject reports; and the state data census program (ANNOTATION)
Demography; a dissertation catalog
This bibliography presents a listing of doctoral disseratations in demography recently published by University Microfilms International. The citations are presented in alphabetical order by author only (ANNOTATION)
[Statistics for capitals of Union Republics and cities with more than one million inhabitants]
Statistical tables on major Russian cities include data on population size and density as of January 1, 1980; number and rate of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, 1979; and natural growth rate, 1979 (ANNOTATION)
[The nationality structure of the population of the USSR]
Data are presented on the nationality structure of the population of the USSR, including information on the native language of people of various nationalities and on knowledge of second languages. Special tables provide information for the Russian SFSR and its autonomous regions (ANNOTATION)
[Natural population growth in the USSR]
Statistical tables include data on population size by sex for each republic; birth, death, and natural growth rates, 1978 and 1979; number of births, deaths, and marriages by month, 1979; age-specific fertility rates, 1978-1979 by urban and rural area and by Union Republic; deaths caused by circulatory disease and cancer, 1978 and 1979; first marriages by age and sex, 1979; marriages by age of bride and groom, 1979; and divorces by duration of marriage and age of husband and wife, 1979 (ANNOTATION)
[Marital status, number and size of families]
Statistical tables present data on marital status by sex for the USSR, Union Republics, and urban or rural area; number and size of families and average family size in the USSR and Union Republics by urban and rural area; and family size distribution by Union Republic and urban or rural area for for the years 1970 and 1979 (ANNOTATION)
Ths publication presents a selection of indicators and statistics on children in Latin America. Data are presented for early childhood, the school-age child, and adolescents separately. Chapters are included on the evolution of mortality, regional differences in infant mortality, ethnic differences in infant mortality, and social factors affecting infant mortality (ANNOTATION)
This book is intended to provide a statistical picture of Britain's black population, to examine policy responses by local and central governments, and to consider the inadequacies of available statistics and the problems in using them. The first chapter presents background information on the numbers of black people in Britain, where they live, and their demographic characteristics (ANNOTATION)
Extending the electoral register canvass: a feasibility study
This is a report on the feasibility of improving population estimates for local areas in the United Kingdom by extending the annual electoral canvass in order to give an accurate enumeration of the whole population. The results of two public attitude surveys are cited. Methods for improving the quality of the canvass, legislative responsibility for the canvass, cost and financing of the proposed plan, problems in the use of collected data, and the government's conclusions regarding the project's feasibility are discussed (ANNOTATION)
This is a report of a seminar organized to consider the inclusion of a question on ethnic origin in the 1981 census of the United Kingdom. Topics covered include the kind of information needed on the black communities in the country, whether the census is the right vehicle to collect the necessary information and the alternative methods available, the issue of privacy and confidentiality, and reasons why the black community is so opposed to the inclusion of such a question in the census. (ANNOTATION)
1980 Census Update: Supplement to Data User News.
This issue contains information on the Bureau of the Census decision regarding the adjustment for undercount in the 1980 census, the post-enumeration and local review programs, processing and tabulation of the 100 percent data, the mapping program for the 1980 census reports, and the census of Puerto Rico and the outlying areas (ANNOTATION)
[Population and housing census 1980: data content, output]
[National economy of the Ukrainian SSR in 1979: statistical yearbook]
A chapter on territory and population includes tabular data for the Ukrainian SSR for selected years, 1897-1980, on total and urban and rural population; number of administrative-territorial units by oblast; population of cities of more than 50,000 inhabitants; population by sex; literacy and educational level of the population structure by nationality; birth, death, and natural growth rates; and marriages and divorces. (ANNOTATION)
Cartographie statistique: population franciase/Statistical cartography: population of France.
These maps are based on the result of the 1968 and 1975 censuses of France and the 1967 and 1974 censuses of French overseas territories, supplemented by data from other official sources. Topics covered include population density, net migration, natural increase, fertility, age structure, households, and people living alone. Separate data are presented for overseas departements. (ANNOTATION)
Impact of demographic and migration trends on future travel in metropolitan areas
This report examines "the impact of economic and demographic factors, migration, and energy supply on urban travel patterns and transit ridership [in the United States], selected years 1960-80 and projected to 2000. Data are from Federal agency, industry, academic, and other published and unpublished reports, primarily from [the] 1970s." Chapters 2 through 6 provide data on population and migration, families and housing, and labor force and employment (EXCERPT)
[Population development in Serbia to the year 2000]
Part 1 of this publication presents population projections for Serbia up to the year 2000. In Part 2, projections for local administrative areas and urban areas of Servia are provided. Part 3 consists of an analysis of these projections by household (ANNOTATION)
Report to Congress on Appalachian migration. In 2 vols.
This report presents information on patterns of migration between Appalachia and other U.S. regions and among Appalachian subregions during the 1960s and 1970s. Demographic and income characteristics of Appalachian migrants are compared with those of other migrants and nonmigrants. Data are based on the Social Security Administration's Continuous Work History Sample, the 1970 census, and various surveys and other published and unpublished research. Volume 1 contains a detailed analysis of migration, and Volume 2 provides a review of research and public policy
Briefing on implications of internal migration
This is a report on a briefing held before the Subcommittee on Census and Population to examine the social, economic, and political implications of internal migration in the United States between 1970 and 1980. Charts and tables include information on population and net migration for the whole country and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties, selected years 1960-1978; population change due to migration and increase in violent crimes by region, selected years 1970-1979; population change for selected states, 1970-77, and projections for 1980-1990; and projected congressional apportionment gains and losses by state
An overview of documentation activities on population matters in the ESCAP region.
Designing your family planning education program.
This government-contracted publication is written for people interested in developing a new education program in family planning or improving the quality of an existing one. The guide is an aid identifying educational program needs in order to serve the interests of clients and community. The guide is written in a "how-to" fashion, with flow charts and explanations. The main topics in the guide are broken down as follows: how to plan and evaluate your program; client education; community education; staff development; and educational materials. The book concludes with a planning checklist, offering the user a quick overview of critical questions and areas covered.
Proceedings of the Multi-Media Project's Mid-Term Review and Workshop.
A report on the midterm review and workshop on the Multi-Media Support for Population Programs in the Context of Rural Development is presented. The objectives of the workshop are listed. They include: Assessment of the progress of the Multi-Media Project, determination of guidelines for planning and conducting the multi-media field campaigns, determination of guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of the project, and discussion of the format and contents of the final country and inter-country reports of the Multi-Media project, including the revised country work plans. The workshop schedule is outlined, and detailed descriptions of the proceedings are given. The workshop outputs are presented in full. The remarks of the keynote speakers are also included.
Report of the meeting of the Subcommittee on Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine Ty21a of the Scientific Working Group on Bacterial Enteric Infections. The disease incidence of typhoid fever, its laboratory diagnosis, and acquired immunity are discussed. Characteristics of the Ty21a vaccine, including vaccine strain, evidence of safety and efficacy and quality control are described. A field trial of the vaccine now underway in Santiago, Chile, where typhoid fever is highly endemic, is described. The results of the trial will provide information on whether an enteric coated capsule will deliver the vaccine in a viable state to the small intestine, and whether 1 or 2 doses of the vaccine are efficacious in an endemic area. Conclusions and recommendations are made regarding public health use of the vaccine, research needs, and further field trials.
[Proceedings of the Demography Colloquium held in Abidjan, January 22-26, 1979. Volume 1: Fertility]
A colloquium on African demography was held in Abidjan in January 1979 sponsored by the Institute of Demographic Research of Yaounde. Goal of the colloquium was to inform the participants on the most recent knowledge about the demographic situation in French-speaking Africa. There were 105 participants from 25 different countries; most participants were representatives of government agencies. A total of 161 papers were presented which dealt with 5 main themes: fertility, urban growth, mortality, the importance of age as a demographic factor, and demographic methodologies as adapted to the African reality. This document presents 14 of the 61 papers; they deal with demographic problems in tropical Africa, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, the Maghreb region, Tunisia, Togo, and Zaire.
Oversight hearings on the 1980 census. Part 11. New York, N.Y.
This series of hearings was held in various cities between March 1979 and June 1980 to review Bureau of the Census plans for the 1980 U.S. census. The hearings focused on "procedural changes to decrease undercounting, especially of minority group members and in poor urban areas, and to improve data quality." Statistics on projected costs and the potential undercount are included. The locations at which the hearings were held are indicated in the titles of the publications (EXCERPT)
In addition to data on selected socioeconomic characteristics of the U.S. population, this publication provides data on past and current trends in population growth; population by sex, race, and age; fertility rates by age of mother; immigrants by occupation; family type and size; marital status by sex; marriages and divorces; life expectancy at birth by race and sex; death rates for selected causes; and live births and infant mortality rates by race (ANNOTATION)
State and metropolitan area date book, 1979: a statistical abstract supplement
This publication includes socioeconomic and demographic data for regions, census divisions, and states as well as for Standard Consolidated Areas and the SMSAs and their component counties. Tabular data are provided on population, population density, and components of change by sex, metropolitan residence, race and Hispanic origin, and age group for selected years, 1959-1978, with projections to 2000. This first biennial report is a supplement to the Statistical Abstract of the United States (ANNOTATION)
[Final report of the mission. Annex 1]
Plans for the evaluation, analysis, and publication of the 1975 census results for the Central African Republic are described, and the current status of the analysis is discussed (ANNOTATION)
Family planning procedure manual for nurse-midwives 1982.
This procedure manual, used in the postpartum and family planning clinics in both Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn, New York presents information on the following: 1) principles and practice of interviewing for family planning: 2) procedure for physical assessment, for abdominal examination, and for breast examination in a family planning clinic; 3) exercises following pregnancy; 4) procedure for pelvic examination; 5) how to fit a vaginal diaphragm as a contraceptive device; 6) use of oral contraceptives (OCs); 7) injectable long-acting progestin contraceptives; 8) principles and techniques for IUD insertion (Lippes loop technique, copper T technique, and copper 7 technique); 9) revisits to the family planning clinic; 10) procedure for removal of an IUD; 11) side effects and problems of IUDs; 12) pregnancy and gynecological conditions for diagnosis and management in family planning clinics; 13) equipment for a small family planning clinic; 14) preparation for a clinic session including the sterilization of equipment; 15) patient instruction sheets (birth control fact sheet and instructions, OC consent form, diaphragm fact sheet and instructions, diaphragm consent form, IUD fact sheet and instructions, and IUD consent form); and 16) sterile gloves. The art of interviewing is developed with skills that are learned in general nursing, i.e., observation, listening, questioning, and interpretation. The objectives of the procedure for physical assessment are to obtain a complete data base, to perform a systematic and complete physical examination, and to note contraindications for certain contraceptives. Diagrams accompany the detailed instructions.
Conference background paper: issues of inter-centre cooperation.
The objective of this document is to provide the kick-off to the debates to the discussion of establishing a program of interinstitutional cooperation for national research in demography. The document is not aimed at assessing the state-of-the-art but instead at elaborating a program of cooperation that is concerned with future efforts. In matters of interinstitutional cooperation, the role of the Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED) is solely that of liaison office. The principle, strength, efficiency of cooperation are to be determined and implemented by the researchers themselves on a voluntary basis. Attention in this discussion is directed to the following: simple procedures to activate exchange among researchers and strengthen the comparability of data and findings; a systematic search for methodological weaknesses and inconsistencies; new paths for research; and implementation perspectives. Although a large amount of articles, books, and working papers are published on socioeconomic differential mortality, it appears quite difficult to obtain a comprehensive view in the matter since data and findings are heterogeneously presented. It is understandable that each researcher has his/her own motivations and constraints which prevent him/her from providing fully detailed information on data findings, yet there is a communication gap between researchers in the field. It can be suggested that each researcher, when publishing an article on socioeconomic differential mortality send to the focal point of the network a working paper for dissemination among the members of the network. It can also be suggested that the researchers provide, if possible, a correspondence table. Studies on socioeconomic differential mortality have to deal with several methodological weaknesses and inconsistencies, and a few examples are cited to show that this research topic is a difficult one. The current research efforts, as concerns socioeconomic differential mortality in the industrialized countries, are directed toward the primary objective of adding a new value to existing time series. Their merit is to indicate if the mortality gap between social groups is widening or decreasing. New paths for research are listed. The cooperation program proposed has to be discussed and finalized at the meeting. It is a flexible program based on the simple idea that mutual assistance and exchange are the best ways to strengthen the research productivity of individual workers.
[Belgium: recent and ongoing research]
At the Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium, ongoing demographic research is focused on 2 main subjects: adult mortality and infant mortality. Adult mortality for the years 1969-72 is now being analyzed by causes with the specific purpose of understanding excess male deaths among the Waloons. Future research on adult mortality will focus on cancer and diseases of the circulatory system as causes of death. 2 types of research are currently ongoing on infant mortality, Poliwa 2 on the individual factors of infant mortality in Belgium, and Poliwa 3, aimed at observing special behavior in families with high risk of infant mortality. A doctorate thesis on the individual and regional determinants of infant mortality will soon be presented and discussed.
[Population and Household Census, 1981: preliminary data]
This document presents preliminary data from the 1981 national population census and household census of Cuba. Coverage error has been estimated to be only 0.1%. The Cuban population grew from 8,569,121 in 1970 to 9,706,369 in 1981; annual population growth decreased in the same period from 2.3% to 1.2%, which reflects a decrease in birth rate from 27.7, to 14.0. Urbanization is heavy; 69% of the population lives in urban areas and 47.9% of that in cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants. 1/5 of the total population lives in the capital city of Havana. People in the age group 0-16 decreased from 40.5% in 1970 to 35% in 1981; at the same time the percentage of people over 60 increased, and life expectancy is now 71.8 There are in Cuba 102 men/100 women. Population density is 87/sq Km. The main type of family housing is the single house (60-86%) except Havana where 39.7% of dwellings are apartments. It is estimated that the Cuban population will be 12 million by 2000. All data presented are given in detail for each of the 13 regions, and for each city within each region.
[Population workshops: information]
The Population Unit was created in 1979 with the financial assistance of the UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) to promote population education in Honduras. The unit organized in 1980 a series of workshops with the purpose of contributing to the improvement of basic information on population, of making the participants familiar with the several aspects related to population, and of informing them about the demographic situation in Honduras. Participants to the workshop came from institutions, such as the Honduras Association of Family Planning, the Superior Council for Economic Planning, the General Institute of Statistics and Census, the Health Ministry, the Education Ministry, the Work and Social Welfare Ministry, and from different schools. An evaluation followed each workshop. 7 new workshops will be conducted in 1981 under request from several institutions. The Population Unit intends to establish, in 1982, with the help of Latin American Center for Demography (CELADE), an intensive national course on demography of the duration of 6 months.
This monograph is a handbook to be used in instructing young people or newly married couples in family planning. It is written in a very simple and direct language, and illustrated with many drawings. The book was prepared by the Brazilian Movement for Literacy, working within the Program of Community Health Education. The 1st chapter of the manual gives a detailed description of the female and male genital organs, of the menstrual cycle, and of the mechanics of fertilization. The 2nd chapter deals with pregnancy, its care and complications, and with delivery; a few pages are about the care of the new baby. The 3rd chapter focuses on family planning, describing exclusively natural family planning methods, i.e. the Billings, or ovulation method; the temperature method; the sympto-thermal method; and the calendar method. A short chapter on sterility and abortion follows. The monograph concludes with a very useful glossary.
[Communication and population education in programs of adult education]
Population education in all Latin American countries is being vigorously promoted by the different national governments. Objectives of population education are to provide information about demographic concepts and about the development of the individual within the family and within society. Longterm objectives are a better structure for economic development and the preservation of the environment and of natural resources. The most interesting part of this document describes how to plan, at least theoretically, the production of materials on population education. The production of proper educational materials should start by investigating all existing materials pertaining to Latin America, and by carefully studying their context. Different groups of users should be identified for different types of materials, and new materials produced when necessary. Population education personnel must be instructed on the use of materials, according to different situations. The use of textbooks will always be complemented by the use of audiovisual materials, pamphlets, and handouts. Radio and television broadcasts should play an important role in population information.
This report includes the collective views of a World Health Organization (WHO) Scientific Group on Research on the Menopause that met in Geneva during December 1980. It includes information on the following: 1) the endocrinology of the menopause and the postmenopausal period (changes in gonadotropins and estrogens immediately prior to the menopause and changes in gonadotropin and steroid hormone levels after the menopause); 2) the age distribution of the menopause (determining the age at menopause, factors influencing the age at menopause, and the range of ages at menopause and the definition of premature and delayed menopause); 3) sociocultural significance of the menopause in different settings; 4) symptoms associated with the menopause (vasomotor symptoms, psychological symptoms, disturbances of sexuality, and insomnia); 5) disorders resulting from, or possibly accelerated by, the menopause (osteoporosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and arthritic disorders); 6) risks, with particular reference to neoplasia, of therapeutic estrogens and progestins given to peri- and postmenopausal women (endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and gallbladder disease); 7) fertility regulating methods for women approaching the menopause (fertility and the need for family planning in women approaching the menopause, problems of family planning in perimenopausal women, and considerations with regard to individual methods of family planning in women approaching the menopause); and 8) estrogen and the health care management of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. At this time some controversy exists as to whether there is a menopausal syndrome of somatic and psychological symptoms and illness. There are virtually no data on the age distribution of the menopause and no information on its sociocultural significance in the developing countries. The subject of risks and benefits of estrogen therapy in peri- and postmenopausal women is of much importance in view of the large number of prescriptions issued for this medication in developed countries, which indicates their frequrnt use, and the different interpretations and opinions among epidemiologists and clinicians on both past and current studies on this subject. Specific recommendations made by the Scientific Group appear at the end of each section of the report. The following were among the general recommendations made: WHO sponsored research should be undertaken to determine the impact on health service needs of the rapidly increasing numbers of postmenopausal women in developing countries; uniform terminology should be adopted by health care workers with regard to the menopause; uniform endocrine standards should be developed which can be applied to the description of peri- and postmenopausal conditions and diseases; and descriptive epidemiological studies of the age at menopause should be performed in a variety of settings.
This paper is a compilation of the results of a survey on fertility and family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practice in central Luzon and metro Manila, based only on the marginal distributions and a few available cross tabulations. The following results were tabulated: 1) there is an excess of rural over urban fertility in central Luzon and a differential in urban and semiurban total marital fertility rates in metro Manila in favor of the latter, 2) fertility in central Luzon seems to be declining since 1976 whereas in the metro Manila area it is rising, 3) 47% of the women in central Luzon and over 71% in metro Manila said they had tried a contraceptive method, 4) never use of contraceptives among central Luzon women increased with increasing distance from the urban center, 5) about 1 in 14 central Luzon current users was using oral contraceptives (OCs) and for metro Manila the number was 1 in 10, 6) the 15-24 age group had the highest fertility rate and the highest percentage of never use, 7) over the 3 year period the proportions initiating contraceptive use at any interval before their 4th pregnancy seemed to be dropping and an upsurge of family planning use in 1979 was noted for intervals after the 4th pregnancy, 8) spacing of children and desire for no more children were the primary reasons cited for practicing family planning, 9) in central Luzon the most popular source of knowledge about family planning methods was paramedics from family planning centers and rural heatlh units, and 10) experience of side effects was the foremost reason for stopping practice of family planning in central Luzon. The following strategies are needed to help the family planning program administrators in their efforts toward achieving the goals of the national family planning program: 1) special emphasis on the use of more effective methods, 2) strong information, education, and communication programs to sustain practice, 3) improved instruction on the use of the rhythm method to increase contraceptive effectiveness, 4) special attention to husbands so that they may be motivated to participate actively in effective contraceptive practice, and 5) special attention to young couples so that they may be motivated to postpone their 1st child.
Baby feeding: behind and towards a health model for Zimbabwe.
This discussion of infant feeding provides background on the bottle feeding controversy, particularly as it relates to Zimbabwe. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes approved in May 1981 by the World Health Assembly in Geneva Switzerland is 1st described and its provisions noted. The increasing use of formula for feeding is then discussed, with consideration of reasons why women bottle feed and the baby food industry's reactions to criticism. The difficulties and dangers of bottle feeding in Zimbabwe are spelled out, including poverty, poor hygienic conditions, illiteracy, and the possibility of malnutrition and infection. Some evidence of the extent of bottle feeding acquired through a mail survey of health workers is presented. The promotional activities of infant formula producers, especially Nestle, are described and criticized. Possible steps that Zimbabwe could take to promote breast feeding are suggested, including control of advertising, making formula available only by prescription, permitting breast feeding in the workplace, avoiding use of formula on maternity wards, and educating health workers on the dangers of bottle feeding. A center section of questions and answers regarding baby feeding is designed to be used for reference.
Alternative population futures.
Alternative population scenarios to the year 2000 are presented and policy implications of the various scenarios are discussed. Population models are described. Projections are made based on different sets of assumptions regarding changes in birth, death, marriage and migration rates. A "high" series, "medium" series and "low" series of projections are made for total population. Projections are also made regarding urban and rural population, families and households, and the labor force.
Dimensions of Philippine population.
Major findings of a 2 1/2 year research program on Philippine population are presented. The population situation is described with respect to fertility, mortality, life expectancy, migration, labor force, and family formation. Policy recommendations addressing problems in each of these areas are made.
Nutrition and health in the year 2000.
Despite an increase in life expectancy from 12.7 years in 1902 to 60.6 in 1973, many problems in nutrition and health still beset the Philippines. The prevalence of protein and energy malnutrition, which may have irreversible effects on children, has possibly risen over the past 15 years, and specific deficiencies of iron, vitamin A, and iodine are also serious problems. General undernutrition has apparently worsened despite steady improvement in per capita GNP, available supply of protein and energy, and education. The Philippine morbidity pattern can be characterized by a high prevalence of communicable diseases and the emergence of noncommunicable diseases such as malignant neoplasms and diseases of the heart and circulatory system. A 1975 survey indicated that there were about 275 cases of felt illness each month for every 1000 persons. Projections of health status in the year 2000 indicate improvement but the results should be viewed with caution because their basic assumptions may be too optimistic. Policy recommendations to promote health improvement call for attention to education, fertility reduction, acceleration of economic growth, improvement in food supply, better living conditions, and achievement of income equity.
Persons of Spanish origin in the United States: March 1980 (Advance Report)
"This report presents advance data on the demographic, social, and economic characteristics of persons of Spanish origin in the United States. This information was collected by the Bureau of the Census in March 1980 as a supplement to its monthly Current Population Survey (CPS). Characteristics presented include age, residence, employment status, occupation, and income." (EXCERPT)
Estimates of the population of the United States January 1, 1981 to April 1, 1981
This series of 56 reports is based on preliminary counts of population and housing units. Data are presented for the United States as a whole, individual states, and selected overseas territories. (ANNOTATION)
This publication is concerned with the improvement of statistics on the international migration of highly qualified persons, otherwise known as the brain drain. It is the third in a series of documents on migration and should be considered in conjunction with the recommendations concerning statistics of international migration cited in 46: Title 3872 (ANNOTATION)
Survey organization and monitoring
The present report contains selected demographic indicators and population estimates and projections by age and sex for countries, regions, and the world as a whole for the period 1950-2000. Indicators considered include proportion of the population in various age groups; dependency, child-woman, and sex ratios; median age of the population; the proportion of urban population; population density; rates of growth and natural increase; crude birth and death rates; gross and net reproduction rates; total and general fertility rates; and life expectancy by sex (ANNOTATION)
A multinational case control study of the 1st episodes of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among never pregnant women or women with a normal outcome to their last pregnancy is presented. This case control study was conducted in 12 centers located in the following countries: Thailand, India, Nigeria, Canada, UK, Philippines, Chile, Sweden, and Hungary. The centers consisted of hospitals associated with the network of Collaborating Centers for Clinical Research and Research Training of the World Health Organization (WHO) Special Program of Research in Human Reproduction. The objective was to study acute episodes of moderate or severe supracervical genital tract infections including endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, and infections of the parametrium or pelvic peritoneum. The cases were women aged 15-44 with acute PID treated as either inpatients or outpatients at the participating hospitals during the March 1978-December 1979 period. 954 cases were identified and individually matched with 1908 controls. Preliminary analyses suggested that there were 3 major risk factors associated with PID: recent use of an IUD; a past history of PID; and abortion as the outcome of the last pregnancy. 83% of the women came from developing countries. Recent IUD use varied considerably from center to center and was more frequent among cases than controls. The relative risk of PID was increased in all centers with more than 5 cases. Overall, the relative risk of PID in association with IUD use was 3.5, and the risk was higher in developed (6.7) as compared to developing countries (3.1). In developing country centers the majority of cases were older parous women. In the industrialized country centers the majority were younger nulligravid women. In developing countries the risk of PID tended to increase with both age and parity with the highest risks observed among older multiparous women. In developed countries, the relative risks tended to decrease with age, and the highest risks were observed in nulligravid women aged 15-24. The risk of PID was not significantly related to type of IUD. The relative risks (odds ratio) were 2.4 for the Lippes loop, 3.8 for the copper 7, and 2.0 for the copper T. In sum, the prevalence of recent IUD use was higher among the industrialized as compared to nonindustrialized country cases (30% and 22%), but there were no major differences in the controls (9% and 12%).
The report details plans for the activities and expenditures related to the promotion and sale of contraceptive devices in Egypt for the 3rd quarter of 1981. Family of the Future (FOF) is a nongovernmental agency which operates on a US Agency for International Development grant of $27,200. Major activities from the previous quarter are summarized and plans for each of the 6 FOF departments are provided. The Medical Promotion and Distribution department will develop distribution strategies including locating new cities and establishing sales targets for IUDs, condoms, and spermicides; prepare information booklets for doctors and pharmacists on devices as they are added to the product line; and oversee warehousing details and sponsor conferences for pharmacists and doctors. These activities are expected to consume 25.6% of the proposed budget. The advertising and art department will determine communication strategies for all products. Copy and time slots will be suggested for mass media promotion of FOF and of available family planning methods to be aired on television stations and 6 radio stations. Inserts for 6 newspapers, 7 weekly magazines, 5 bi-monthly or monthly magazines, and 4 special audience publications will be prepared. This department will operate on 31.3% of the budget. Other promotional activities will include the design and production of multi-product countertop displays and of giveaway items. The medical and scientific department will sponsor a symposium for influential university affiliated obstetricians and gynecologists from 4 cities to stimulate interest in family planning and in FOF and its products. Training programs on IUD insertions will be provided. Volunteers and social affairs departments will use 25 volunteers to organize 110 rallies reaching 2500 people each that are gathered in crowded places or through door-to-door contact. Volunteers will also continue to collect interview data. Volunteer training is planned to target seasonal vacation areas. Samples of condoms and spermicides, booklets, and pamphlets will be distributed during upcoming festivals. A central location will be established from which volunteers can answer questions. The market research department plans to conduct 19 group sessions and continue data collection for the pharmacy intercept study. Market research training in the US is arranged for an FOF employee. No changes are planned which would affect the administration department. A detailed financial analysis of quarterly projections and expenditures is provided. Revenues from sales of contraceptive devices are also included in the report. An evaluation of the planned activities and recommendations for additional activities are detailed.
Community based distribution programme: report for 1980.
In 1980 the Community-Based Distribution (CBD) Program in Sri Lanka came under special funding arrangements with Colombia University, New York. Sri Lanka was divided into 2 geographical zones, one under the existing distribution system, and one under the Family Planning Association through the CBD. CBD started the distributing operations only in April 1980 for lack of staff; CBD controls 5 geographic divisions, each under a District Agent which handles distribution locally. Selection, training, and motivation of suitable agents remains a very serious problem. Since some district agents did not have drug licenses it became necessary in some instances to set up parallel agencies for the distribution of condoms and of oral contraceptives (OCs). The total expenditure budget for 1980 was of Rs. 1,767,299; the actual expenditure was of Rs. 1,757,987, and the income was of Rs. 1,110,017/08, representing 63.14% of expenditures. The sale of Preethi condoms rose only 3.65%, however, sales by the CBD program rose constantly notwithstanding the initial problems due to lack of personnel, while sales by the existing distributors were erratic. Sales of Mithuri condoms rose 12.48% in 1979; again sales by the CBD program were larger than those by the existing distributor. Norinyl sales were 18,086 packets in 1979 and 37,462 packets in 1980; the sale of Norinyl lags behind that of Mithuri despite the lower selling price. Sales of Neo Sampoon grew 0.98% between 1979 and 1980; the popularity of this product, which is distributed only by the CBD program, is increasing. In summary, during 1980 the CBD program provided contraceptive protection to 101,083 couples. At present CBD is thinking of expanding services to 6 new villages. Contraception motivation seems to be more successful in the village than at the urban level. It is hoped that by the end of 1981 efficient distribution agencies will be located in all sale divisions. Every month a draw with a monetary price for both the consumer and the distributor is being made among condom and OC users.
This document describes the requirements for condoms made of rubber latex intended for single use as specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in 1977. Condoms must be manufactured from good quality rubber latex; they may be transparent, translucent, opaque, or colored. Condoms must not liberate toxic or otherwise harmful substances. The open end of condoms must end with an integral rim. 10 condoms out of a batch of 144,000 at most must be tested for design, including length, width, thickness, and mass or weight. Length must be from 160 mm to 180 mm +or- 10 depending on smooth or textured surface and on width; width must be from 49 mm to 52 mm +or- 2-3, again depending on type of surface; thickness must be 0.04 mm +or- 0.07-0.09, and maximum weight must be from 1.50 g to 1.95 g depending on smooth or textured surface. 25 condoms out of a batch of 144,000 at most must be tested for tensile properties, including tensile strength and elongation at breaking. Inspection for leakage must follow ISO 2859, General Inspection Level 1 for an acceptable quality level of 0.4%. Each condom must be filled with 300 cu cm of water and inspected for holes. Each condom must be marked with the manufacturer's name and date of manufacture. Every package must have name and address of manufacturer or distributor, and the name of the country of manufacture. Proper packaging should protect condoms for 10 years or more. Condoms should not be kept in storage longer than necessary, and should be stored in a cool place. One retest is possible before final rejection of lots not conforming to design and physical requirements. No retest is permissible for lots not conforming to test for quality assurance (leakage).
This volume includes a description of the prototype condom media/promotional program for rural Thailand. The primary objectives of the program are the following: to develop an increased understanding and realization among rural people of why family planning or contraception is preferable, and the benefits that result; to encourage the attitude that contraception should be more of a dual husband and wife responsibility rather than the sole responsibility of the woman; to increase belief in and recognition of condoms as a suitable contraceptive device; to motivate people in rural communities to go to their nearest health center or health worker to obtain a supply of or information about condoms; to create a more positive and favorable image for the condom; to negate the image of the condom as associated with prostitution and disease prevention; and to stimulate wider awareness and greater responsibility towards family planning among the rural population and so assist and complement all other family planning activities currently undertaken as part of the Ministry of Public Health's National Family Planning Program. The basic communication message that has been developed for this program is a 3-sided one which uses a positive appeal to known social, human, and economic aspirations and desires. The creative items that have been developed as the vehicles for the creative platform are identified. The selection of radio as the prime communication vehicle for this program is based largely on factors which emerged from the Deemar Rural Population Survey of 1975. The survey data were revealing insofar as providing the information needed to assess the family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the rural Thai resident. The audio materials included a theme song and a series of radio commercials, and the English translations of these audio materials are provided along with a Thai language translation.
Preliminary assessment of the Fincoid IUD.
The Fincoid IUD, a device invented by Dr. Kaivola in Finland, is a polyethylene device with 225 mm of 0.49 diameter copper wire. It has a larger total surface area of copper, the copper is placed at the top of the vertical stem, there is a pliable transverse arm, and there are projections on the transverse arm to help avoid expulsion. The report includes insertion and removal procedures and calls attention to several noteworthy points for both procedures. There is also a brief summary report of a clinical study of the Fincoid IUD conducted in Finland. The Institute of Population Studies in England conducted a preliminary assessment of 60 Fincoid devices and the evaluation was conducted with the assistance of referee teams. Each of the referee teams A-S have general comments presented in this report and then specific comments are presented based on the preliminary assessment. 16 teams considered the size of the device to be adequate for the parous women but 6 of these teams felt that both the device and the inserter were too large for the nullipara. 10 teams felt the strength of the device to be adequate; overall the device appeared to be stronger than the comparably shaped Multiload 250. However, 3 teams felt that the arms might break off during the process of removal. There was almost unanimous agreement that stem thickness was adequate, movement of the transverse arms within the uterus was considered to be a great advantage but there was concern expressed about the wide front of the device which might be a problem at insertion and removal and that the transverse arms might break off. 8 of the teams considered the malleability of the inserter tube satisfactory and complete. There is also a brief evaluation of fitting instructions, fitting technique, and removal. Additional comments mention: the copper wire was a big advantage, its position was an advantage, and that the transverse arms might cause discomfort due to the projection. In general, the quality of the data presented did not provide an opportunity for useful comment at this time. It seems that the device would function adequately once it gets into the uterus but insertion is less than satisfactory. It is recommended that the manufacturer should prepare a report detailing laboratory tests concerning device strength and pliability. The Fincoid's superiority must be demonstrated before it is made available throughout the UK.
The objectives of the national study are: to identify and analytically clarify management issues and problems in family planning program administration; to serve as analytical resource material for Management Development Program on "Implementation Systems Development for Family Planning Programs"; and to provide a systematic base for comparative analysis and synthesis on the subject so as to enable development of a set of management strategies for effective achievement of family planning program objectives. The unit of analysis in this study would be the implementation process of national family planning programs. The implementation systems for family planning programs could be defined as integrated sets of interrelated activities which are relevant to the achievement of program objectives. Some of the major components of the national study would include: program orientation and major activities; planning of the program and its relation to national development policy; organizational and institutional arrangement for planning, coordination, and evaluation of the program; determination of objectives and target setting; mobilization and allocation of material and human resources; management techniques applied to operation of the program; delivery service at the community level; strategy for environmental support; and administrative infrastructure such as research and training. To provide a common framework for review and analysis of implementation systems for family planning and population programs, the following suggested examples of major aspects to be examined in the national study are reviewed: planning of the program and integration with the national development policy; task specification and target setting for program; organizational/institutional arrangements; mobilization and allocation of resources; management techniques; delivery system at the field level; popular support and participation; and research and training. The methodology to be followed by the national studies could include review of existing materials and research reports since there are several studies conducted which are either directly or indirectly related to the purpose of the proposed national studies. For the most part researchers will have to depend on primary data to be collected through his/her own efforts and interpretation of such data systematically. Basically, the methods will cover content analysis of documents, interviews with relevant personnel, and the use of appropriate questionnaires for obtaining the necessary information.
[Current Swedish governmental condom standard, effective, 1 January 1972. Unofficial translation]
In Sweden the condoms sold shall be approved by the Social Welfare Board and are part of a batch satisfying the requirements of paragraphs 8-10 of this report. The manufacturer shall provide the Social Welfare Board with information required for quality testing, including the nature of the condom material. The manufacturer shall also provide evidence that the condom is suitably powdered or treated and that its lubricant and preservative are suited to the purpose, do not damage the condom, and do not have practically significant toxic, sensitizing or locally irritating effects. Condoms, or their packets, shall be marked with the manufacturers name, the quality test batch number, and a date of expiration. Condoms may only be imported for sale if evidence is submitted to the customs that their nature and marking conform with Social Welfare Board requirements. Such evidence shall be provided by the State Testing Laboratory, the Pharmacist's Central Laboratory, or other testing establishment authorized by the Social Welfare Board. Condom importers shall provide the testing establishment with 2 copies of details of each consignment, stating the manufacturer's and importer's names and addresses, and the size and marking or name of each batch. Each quality test batch shall belong to 1 manufacturing batch, be homogeneous, and not exceed 72,000 condoms. A total sample of at least 410 condoms shall be taken from each batch, unless otherwise specified by the Social Welfare Board. The length of each condom shall be at least 17 centimeters. The circumference of each condom, up to 8.5 centimeters from the rim, shall also lie between 9.8 and 11.2 centimeters. 10 condoms, after removing the lubricant and preservative, shall be weighed; the total weight shall not exceed 17 grams. 100 condoms shall be tested for bursting volume. The open end of each condom shall be affixed to the outlet of a suitable inflation device, and the condom inflated with air at room temperature to bursting. 30 condoms shall be tested for holes. Each condom shall be unrolled, preferably with the help of a pneumatic device and fixed with the rim upwards in a suitable holder. 300 milliliters of water at room temperature shall be poured into the condom, preferably with the help of a device preventing water from reaching the outside of the condom. After 1 minute, the outside of the condom shall be inspected in a suitable light. If no hole is detected, the water filled condom shall be closed by twisting 2 centimeters from the rim, and the condom rolled over thin absorbent paper of a suitable color. Small holes in the condom can thus be detected as wet spots on the absorbent paper.
Alternative medicine in the Netherlands.
The Commission for Alternative Systems of Medicine was organized in the Netherlands to investigate the significance of alternative forms of treatment for health care. They examined several alternatives in the context of the extent to which the alternative system was used and whether it was a genuinely alternative system of medicine. Acupuncture, the 1st alternative, has become enormously popular and there are now over 600 practitioners. In 1978 there were more than 1 million visits paid to acupuncturists. The Commission feels that acupuncture as an alternative merits further study and research. There is also a growing feeling that paramedical practitioners be given the chance to qualify in this field. The oldest form of alternative medicine in the Netherlands is paranormal treatment. While research findings on its effects are scarce, those existing statistics show that about 40% of those who have undergone treatment feel better. Further research should be conducted. Naturopathy is a product of practical experience. It has some basis in herbalism and folk medicine as well as some roots in orthodox medicine. About 20 physicians and 200-500 lay therapists practice naturopathy in the Netherlands and they care for between 150,000-500,000 patients. There are few research findings about naturopathy in the conventional medical literature. Anthroposophy is a philosophical doctrine which seeks a widening of medicine in accordance with its image of man. Thus it accepts the validity of current ideas of orthodox medicine but believes they can be viewed in another way to result in a new form of medicine that is different and more comprehensive than the existing one. Homeopathy has been in existence since 1796 and it is estimated that 320,000 consultations occur yearly with homeopaths. It is a popular form of alternative medicine in the Netherlands. Manipulative medicine includes manipulative therapy, manipulative medicine, osteopathy, and chiropractic, all of which involve an adjustment of the spinal column. The present distinction between alternative and orthodox medicine is based on social and historical factors rather than on scientific grounds. Well-organized training courses must be provided if alternative forms of treatment are to gain recognition. It has been suggested that a registration system be introduced, similar to the existing one for specialists. There needs to be an information center to provide reliable information. There still must be a resolution to the question of whether alternative medicine be included in public and private health insurance schemes.
[The National Plan for Food and Nutrition in the National Integration Plan]
The National Plan for Food and Nutrition is intended to improve the nutritional status of the Colombian population, particularly the most vulnerable, through a series of activities undertaken by 18 state entities with assistance from the private sector and full participation of the benefitted communities. Despite considerable progress in food production and processing in the last decade, some 30-35% of the population still suffers from some undernutrition, with marginal urban populations, rural populations, and children within those areas particularly at risk. Poor hygienic practices reinforce the adverse effects of undernutrition. Undernutrition is a serious obstacle to economic development which can only be remedied through coordinated action in various sectors including food, health, environmental sanitation, and education. 3 areas receiving particular attention are closing the gap between the demand and supply of food, improvement of the health status and environmental conditions of the rural and marginal urban population, especially children; and continuous monitoring of the nutritional status of the Colombian population. Strategies of the Plan include increasing food production in small farm and household lots for local consumption, encouraging increased production of low cost processed foods with high nutritional content by private industry through availability of credit, enlarging food distribution programs, and improving traditional channels of food distribution in urban areas. Improvement of primary health care services for 4 million persons, with particular emphasis on MCH services, and provision of potable water and nonformal nutrition education are other important aspects of the Plan. A national system of nutritional surveillance will utilize the health information system, household surveys, and data gathered by the Ministry of Agriculture and related entities. Extension of coverage will be sought in future plans. The total cost of the 1st phase of the Plan exceeds 11 million pesos. External credit will supply over 40% of the expansion planned for 1981-82. The present government plans to invest over 13 million pesos to provide coverage for over 8 million persons by the end of 1982.
Findings and recommendations of a 1980 multidisciplinary international expert study committee on the expansion of voluntary surgical contraception into remote areas are presented. The report cites preventive health care, human rights, and cost-benefit rationales for expanding voluntary sterilization; examines obstacles to service expansion and examples of solutions to developing country problems; and discusses service models, medical guidelines, and supervision, monitoring, and evaluation of services. Voluntary surgical contraception should be expanded whenever a country deems possible through one of the available service delivery alternatives. Method acceptability should be considered; although vasectomy and minilaparotomy are the simplest methods to expand, laparoscopy is frequently preferred. Performance standards must be kept high because of the inherently controversial nature of voluntary sterilization and its elective status. Information and education components should be emphasized. Personnel performing the operations in remote areas should be carefully trained in emergency procedures. Policymakers should make decisions based on already available technologies. Donor agencies should commit substantial additional funding for expansion of services, include line items for transportation and equipment maintenance and repair in budgets, include all necessary items including emergency equipment and drugs in packages and kits for use in remote areas, and consider local contexts when formulating standards for medical services in developing countries. Vasectomy acceptance should be studied on an international basis with a view to expansion if possible. International research organizations should intensify the search for a simple means of female sterilization and should conduct research comparing the acceptability and safety of various service models for remote areas.
This report presents the activities undertaken by the Social Research Center of American University in Cairo during the project's 3rd year of operation. The project consists of 4 components: 1) one aimed at integrating and promoting the delivery and utilization of family planning, health, and social welfare services, 2) one for upgrading the knowledge and performance of official personnel and community leaders related to family planning, health, social welfare and local administration, 3) a family planning and health intervention component for establishing household distribution and clinic resupply systems for contraceptives and oral rehydration salt, and 4) a research component to evaluate the project. Following are some aspects of the progress made by the project: 1) 1st round of a sociodemographic survey with data coded and checked from both treatment and control villages; 2) for the child mortality study, which assesses the impact of the household-based introduction of oral rehydration therapy on early childhood death rates, the final study was completed in 1981 with a finding that the introduction strategy had not been effective; 3) the 2nd round of an evaluation of social services;, 4) 2nd round of evaluation of health services; 5) evaluation and promotion of village committees; 6) evaluation of the general and specialized training programs; 7) household contraceptive distribution in 6 counties with a total of 237 villages and a total of 197,743 married women of whom 36.9% accepted oral contraceptives (OCs) and 23.1% Neo-sampoon; the number of women in the Menoufia Governorate using OCs was 5397 in the 1st year and 10,687 in the 3rd while the number who accepted OCs was 6897 in the 1st and 13,694 in the 3rd year; 8) oral rehydration salt distribution of 53,060 packages in the 3rd year; and 9) evaluation of the family planning and health interventions. It is concluded that action programs have not adequately stressed certain aspects of family planning. Contraceptive prevalence has reached 27% of all married women at risk but this could be improved. A proposal has been submitted to the Agency for International Development (AID) for an intensive family planning motivational, education, and followup strategy to be implemented in 40 villages involving educational meetings and programs, training programs, and household canvassing.
This publication contains the statements presented at a hearing on the accuracy of U.S. census data for small communities and rural areas. The text of a paper entitled "Plans for coverage improvement in the 1980 census" is included (ANNOTATION)
General reference sources for accessing Census Bureau data: an annotated bibliography
This publication provides brief descriptions of general reference sources for improving user access to U.S. Census Bureau data. Information is included on catalogs, guides, indexes, manuals and dictionaries, methodologies, and procedural histories (ANNOTATION)
Data are presented on total, urban, and rural population growth in the USSR, 1913-1979; population by republic, krai, oblast, and autonomous district, 1979; population of cities with over 100,000 inhabitants, 1979; total, urban, and rural population by sex, selected years 1939-1979; number and size of families by Union Republic; population distribution by nationality and language, 1970 and 1979; and nationality of population by Union Republic (ANNOTATION)
Approved list of contraceptives based on available data on efficacy and acceptability.
Only those products which have been approved by the Family Planning Association (FPA) (London, England) or which are currently under review are included among this Approved List of Contraceptives. To be considered for FPA approval a contraceptive other than a barrier device must have a Department of Health and Social Security Product License for use in the UK. At the manufacturer's request contraceptives are considered for approval by the FPA's Medical Advisory Panel. The manufacturers are requested to supply all available data on acceptability and efficacy along with samples of the products, copies of the data sheet, and patient information leaflets. This information is circulated to members of the panel, and approval is based on their recommendations. FPA product approval signifies that, on the basis of the evidence available at the time of review, the FPA considers the product to be medically safe, effective, and acceptable. This pamphlet presents the criteria for FPA approval of the following different types of contraceptives: oral contraceptives (OCs), injectable contraceptives, IUDs, and barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms, cervical, vault, and vimule caps, and spermicides). In the opinion of the Medical Advisory Panel, OCs containing 0.03 mg of estrogen are safer than those containing 0.05 mg and appear to be as effective in preventing pregnancy. Recent evidence suggests that the progestogen content of OCs may contribute to the risk of arterial complications in women. When prescribing a combined OC it is prudent to use one that contains the lowest acceptable dose of both estrogen and any given progestogen. This does not imply that patients for whom a low dose pill is unsuitable should not be prescribed a higher dose product. The FPA recommends that barrier devices should only be used in conjunction with a spermicide. Spermicides listed as approved have passed the International Planned Parenthood Federation test for total spermicidal power both on fresh samples and on samples which have been stored for 1 year. The following information is provided for the approved OCs: product and manufacture; source of data; constituents and description; and regimen. For the injectable contraceptives, information is given on product and manufacturer, chemical constituents, dosage, and presentation. IUD information includes product and manufacturer, recommendation, and description. The following information is presented for the approved barrier devices: product and manufacturer; description; and presentation.
This study analyses levels, patterns, trends, and differentials in fertility in Mauritius, identifies policy implications, and makes recommendations for further research. The 1st section reviews the demographic situation of Mauritius and assesses the accuracy of available demographic data and the impact of the Mauritius family planning program on fertility prior to 1972. The 2nd section analyses fertility levels and patterns in Mauritius in 1972 using census and vital registration data. Fertility changes between 1962 and 1972 and differential fertility due to marital, educational, and occupational status of Mauritian women are considered. The 3rd section focuses on recent trends in fertility levels, comparing observed and expected indices between 1970 and 1977 and contrasting current rates with rates calculated in 1978 UN projections. 85 tables and figures accompany the work. Consistency checks indicate that the 1972 census data were highly accurate. A sharp drop in population growth between 1962 and 1972 was registered for all fertility indices, among all females aged 15-49, and in all major population groups. The crude birth rate declined from 38.0/1000 in 1962 to 24.8/1000 in 1972 and the age specific fertility rates for women 20-29 dropped by almost 2/3. The general fertility rate fell from 181 in 1962 to 105/1000 women 15-49 in 1972, the total fertility rate decreased from almost 6 children/women in 1962 to slightly over 3 in 1977, and the gross reproduction rate fell from 2.91 to 1.63. Just over 2/3 of the decline in population growth rate was due to the sharp fall in fertility resulting from postponement of marriage from a median age of 20.1 in 1962 to 22.4 in 1972 and adoption of family planning practice by about 1/2 of women of reproductive age by 1972. Although the quality of demographic data on Mauritius is very good, the poor quality of data on marriage impedes understanding of the influence of changing marriage patterns on fertility. Fertility levels appear to have risen for younger women between 1972-78, suggesting the need for legislation on the minimum age at marriage for girls. The family planning program should be reinforced, particularly in respect to evaluation activities and to services for high parity women.
Undercount and the 1980 decennial census
This publication contains the text of a hearing held in November 1980 before the Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation and Federal Services to review allegations of undercount in major cities during the 1980 U.S. census. Alleged undercounts and local reviews of census counts in St. Louis, Cleveland, and New York City are discussed, and the response of the Bureau of the Census to a court judgment in Michigan is also included (ANNOTATION)
Statistical publications, 1856-1979
A directory of federal statistical data files
This directory "contains descriptive information on the content and availability of major [U.S.] Federal statistical data files which may be acquired by the public or from which agencies prepare special tabulations for public use." Three major sections are included: a description of the scope and use of the directory, the file abstracts organized by agency, and appendices containing title and subject indexes (EXCERPT)
Census of population and housing, 1976. Volume 2. Analytical report
This report provides an analysis of data from the 1976 census of Western Samoa, together with some comparative analyses of previous census results dating back to 1961. Information is included on population growth and distribution, sex and age structure, international and internal migration, marital status, mortality, fertility, households and dwellings, religious affiliation, economic activity, and population projections. A technical appendix is also provided (ANNOTATION)
Vital, ethnic and migratory characteristics: results by republics and provinces
Economic characteristics, Part II: employed persons. Results by communes, republics and provinces
Households and families: results of sample processing
Sex and age: results by localities and communes
Migration characteristics: results by localities and communes
Industry: results by localities and communes
Size of land estate and sources of household income: results by localities and communes
Population and households by states and countries: 1980
"This report presents 1980 [U.S.] census counts of the number of persons in households and in group quarters, the number of households, and the average number of persons per household for the 50 States and the District of Columbia, counties, and independent cities....Most of the statistics presented here are being issued in advance of their separate publication in the final reports...." (EXCERPT)
[Causes of death of the deceased; birth defects]
This publication is intended as a guide to be used by physicians when reporting information on causes of death and birth defects to official statistical agencies of the Federal Republic of Germany. A copy of the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases is included. (ANNOTATION)
1980 Census Updata: Supplement to Data User News.
This is the last issue in this series. It includes items on the differential between rates of increase for population and housing in the United States; census data products in machine-readable data file, microfiche, and printed form; and other census-related topics (ANNOTATION)
Agricultural population: results by localities and communes
Malaria prophylaxis is relative, not absolute, but can provide much protection. Travellers must take prophylactics regularly while in malarious areas and for 1 month thereafter; despite doing so, they may still develop malaria. For areas without chloroquine-resistant malaria, chloroquine, 300 mg base weekly, or proguanil, 100-200 mg daily, are preferred. In areas of chloroquine sensitivity, there may be places with resistance to proguanil and pyrimethamine, but these places are not delineated. The risk of breakthrough of malaria is, therefore, least with chloroquine, but problems of potential side effects and regular medication are fewer with proguanil than chloroquine. Proguanil is preferred for long-term prophylaxis. Malaria poses a greater hazard for pregnant women and infants than do the prophylactics. Pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine (Fansidar) or pyrimethamine/diaminodiphenyl sulphone (Maloprim) are the preferred drugs for areas with prevalent chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Fansidar is taken once a week and Maloprim also is usually recommended to be taken once a week. (author's)
First regional contraceptive social marketing program.
A regional social marketing program for contraceptives (CSM) will be tested in 3 Caribbean countries, Barbados, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. The program will be implemented to demonstrate that by combining markets, CSM can enhance family planning activities in countries where limited markets inhibit individual programs due to cost. The Caribbean Commonwealth countries were chosen because of similar cultural heritage, economic, and social conditions. These countries desire lower fertility rates which are already declining. Emigration has, in the past, offset rapid population increase. Reduced opportunities for emigration are expected to increase the population size, especially in the working age group which would strain already high unemployment and economic development. Feasibility studies indicated that appropriate marketing infrastructures and acceptance of innovative family planning approaches exist in the test sites. The regional program will begin in Barbados, extending activities to the other countries in the 2nd year. The project will begin with condoms, low dose oral contraceptives (OCs), and standard dose OCs; later adding foaming tablets. Program elements from Jamaica will be used, including brand names, advertising and distribution strategies, and promotional materials. The project objectives are to expand commercial availability of contraceptives and increase family planning awareness and education through the mass media. Depending on the success of the project, the regional concept may be studied for viability in other areas.
Between 1970 and 1977, sterilization by occlusion of the Fallopian tubes was performed on 3,940 women using mucilago phenol (MP). The initial success rate was 77.63%. However, after several modifications of the MP composition, success rate at the end of the study period reached 93.50%. The only major complication with this technique was acute pelvic inflammation that occurred in 35 women all of whom recovered after appropriate treatment. The final MP formulation used consists of 35 ml liquefied phenol, 5 g tragacanth, and 20 ml glycerol, adjusted with distilled water to 100 ml. The solution can be prepared by triturating the tragacanth with glycerol followed by adding the water and phenol, stirring until a clear solution is obtained. 1/2 hour before the sterilization procedure, the patient is given 0.6 ml oral atropine. Injection of the MP is performed through a plastic tube (outer diameter about 1 mm) which is inserted into a metal catheter (outer diameter about 3 mm) made of alloy or stainless steel. The catheter is inserted about 0.5 cm inside the interstitial region of a Fallopian tube via the cervical canal and the uterine cavity. The catheter is in position within the Fallopian tube when 8 ml saline solution is injected via the plastic tube and no outflow of saline is observed. Then 1 ml air is injected, followed by 0.1-0.15 ml MP (not including volume of plastic tube). The same procedure is applied to the other Fallopian tube. The whole procedure usually takes 10-15 minutes and the patient can go home after a short rest. The best time for applying this procedure is midcycle before menstruation or 4 or 5 months postpartum.
There are 6 chapters in the Guangdong Provincial Planned Birth Ordinance: general ordinances; marriage and birth; commendations and rewards; restrictions and punishments; surgical sick leave and health insurance; and supplementary ordinances. This Ordinance consists of 29 rules and is based on the 53rd Ordinance of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China on "Promote Planned Birth." Late marriage, late birth, and fewer births are to be enforced. The ages for marriage are raised to 23 for females; 25 or more for males in villages, and 26 or more in cities. Late birth and 1 child per couple are encouraged. All married students must drop out of schools and colleges. All citizens about to be married must accept birth control education and receive approval certificate for marriage. Childless couples and couples with 1 or 2 children enjoy preferential treatment in employment opportunities, health care, pension and free education for their children, if any, from elementary school through high school. On the other hand, couples having a 3rd child are penalized by withdrawing 10% of their salaries; they also no longer enjoy free health care and food coupons. Women are given sick leaves for recovery from surgery for birth control. All medical staffs and bare-foot doctors must provide married couples and families with technical guidance in planned birth and child care. This Ordinance is to be observed in order to control the increasing population.
This publication consists of guidelines to assist health administrators and planners in planning, implementing, and evaluating malaria control programs that reflect the reorientation of the World Health Organization malaria control strategy endorsed by the World Health Assembly. The report stresses approaches to malaria control, describing the recent resurgence of malaria and present constraints on malaria control; prerequisites for implementation of the revised antimalaria strategy; objectives of a malaria control program; factors affecting planning of control programs including epidemiological factors related to the environment, man, the vector, and the parasite; socioeconomic factors; and the use of antimalaria measures in 4 different situations for reduction and prevention of mortality due to malaria, reduction and prevention of mortality and morbidity particularly in high risk groups, reduction of prevalence and endemicity of malaria, or countrywide malaria control aimed ultimately at eradication; program implementation, including definition of targets, interrelationship of the malaria services, general health services, and community, and program implementation in relation to each of the 4 tactical variants; and general principles, operational and epidemiological criteria, and socioeconomic indicators for program evaluation. Factors determining malaria epidemics, outbreaks of malaria during eradication or control campaigns, forecasting and detection of malaria epidemics, and control of epidemics are then discussed. Training in malaria control and advances in antimalaria measures including drugs, immunological methods, antimosquito measures, and biological and genetic approaches to vector control and their potential value are assessed. Program coordination between countries and at regional and global levels and data collection and dissemination for international surveillance are discussed. A series of recommendations is offered for various aspects of malaria control activity.
The Global 2000 Report was the result of a 3 year effort by more than a dozen agencies of the US government to make long term projections of world population, resources, and environment through the end of the century. Its projections were based on the assumption that the policies of governments and private companies would stay much as they are today; that technological advance continues at the same rate as in recent years, with no revolutionary breakthroughs; and that major wars and other catastrophes would not intervene. As a response to the Global 2000 Report, this report was prepared by a score of governmental agencies. It makes recommendations addressed to the specific problems discussed in the Global 2000 Report. The report stresses the importance of international cooperation in maintaining a productive and habitable earth. A substantial increase in the US commmitment to assistance programs to other countries is recommended. Topics covered include population, food and agriculture, renewable energy resources and conservation, tropical forests, biological diversity, coastal and marine resources, water resources, global pollution, sustainable development, and institutional changes, i.e. improving our national capacity to respond to environmental problems.
Presents results of a nationwide study aimed at detailing the nature and relative importance of various factors contributing to pregnancy risk in women. Sociodemographic, medical and neonatal factors which may prove detrimental to fetal, neonatal and maternal well being are considered. The study also attempts to identify the magnitude of risk associated with each of these factors, and to systematize this information into clinical scales for the identification and classification of pregnancy risk. Risk factors uncovered by this study are similiar to those identified through prior investigation. Sociodemographic factors such as age of mother, parity, and intergestational period have been implicated as high risk factors. Clinical antecedents such as severe anemia, class F diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac disease were identified as major risk factors for the gestational period. Pelvic abnormalities and gynecologic cancer in nulliparous women, and previous miscarriage, neonatal death, premature birth or caesarean section in multiparous women were likewise implicated as risk factors in pregnancy. Risk to infant and mother was also increased in the presence of pathological conditions such as toxemia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, or unusual presentation of fetus during pregnancy. On the basis of these results, a tentative scale of risk has been formulated; further analysis and clinical study are necessary before this can be formalized and extrapolated to Peruvian women in general with confidence. The sample comprised about 30% of the obstetric population of Peru, and it assumed that the risks confronting the rest of the population are essentially the same and perhaps greater because of poorer medical care. On the basis of this preliminary data, it is recommended that further study be undertaken with the aim of finalizing risk tables which will have national applicability.
The role of hospitals in primary health care.
Reports on the proceedings of an international conference on the role of hospitals in primary health care. Included are the speeches and commentaries given at the conference, as well as a review of the 5 days of debate and the major conclusions. It is agreed that the aid of hospitals must be enlisted in the effort to guarantee health for all, through primary health care, by the year 2000. It is thought that the role of the hospital in primary health care should be coordinated and directed by administrators at every level of government, with input being sought from representatives of each part of the health system. It is also recommended that hospitals organize departments of community health to mobilize interest and to direct interactions between the clinical services and the community. These multiservice departments would also oversee education, intersectoral coordination, and research functions. Additionally, health resources, including personnel, and funds need to be redirected to give more muscle to primary health care departments. In this regard, there is a need for a larger proportion and variety of health care workers at local and intermediate levels of the health care system. Medical and educational facilities can lend their aid in the training of community oriented health care personnel, and also in research and teaching services. Continuing dialogue on a national and international level among professional and nonprofessional bodies is encouraged, with the information that emerges widely disseminated to relevant agencies.
Migration, urbanization and development in south Pacific countries.
The study objective was to review population distribution and change, internal migration, urbanization, and development in 10 Pacific Island countries and territories: Fiji; Solomon Islands; Samoa; Tonga; Cook Islands; Niue, Tokelau, and Nauru; Kiribati; and Tuvalu. The task of obtaining, collating, and relating data on this extensive island world was formidable. Almost all information used came from censuses at various stages of completion, and the nature and form of the data precluded the use of computer processing. With 1 partial exception, no country had conducted a survey on internal migration, and emigration records were incomplete and unreliable. The quality of the census data itself varied. The allocation of space to each of the 10 Territories which are the subject of this report varies according to the availability and quality of data relevant to the topic. It was apparent that while the volume, composition, and duration of migration streams were related to the type of economy in individual islands, it was also in many instances at least as strongly related to the type of relationship that existed between island nations and the countries which had been their former colonial administrators. In terms of the composition and duration of migration streams, cultural mores, particularly those concerning women, also affected patterns of movement. The greatest volume of movement was from regions of low to regions of higher income earning opportunity, most often the towns. Much of this movement did not stem from pressure in resources in source areas but from the underutilization of resources in these areas and changing perceptions. The type of urban economy seemed less important in attracting migrants than the range of economic and noneconomic functions in the towns. Most governments in the region have expressed concern about the negative effects of excessive rural to urban migration but their concern seems to have been primarily with the possible adverse effects, in terms of employment and housing, on the towns. Limited concern has been expressed about unbalanced rural demographic structures, and the possible effects of such structures on current development plan objectives which include reducing rural-urban and regional economic imbalances. The intended strategies of some governments in seeking to reduce these imbalances include administrative decentralization, the creation of new income earning opportunities, and the provision of urban type services in rural areas.
Subject index to Current Population Reports: December 1980
"This is the first bibliographic inventory of all Current Population Reports and is designed to provide a ready resource for Federal agencies, Congress, and universities, as well as librarians, scholars, researchers, and the general public. Individual publications are listed sequentially by subject, series number, year covered, area or level of coverage, and title. Supplements to this basic Index will be issued annually." Series P-28 is not included in this index (EXCERPT)
This illustrated pamphlet explains the nature and prevention of intestinal parasites in simple language and with cartoonlike illustrations. Parasites are defined as plants and animals which live and feed on other organisms. 4 types of intestinal parasites are described and their life cycles and the role of their human hosts are explained. Illnesses and symptoms caused by the parasites are described, including intestinal blockage, anemia, palpitations, poor digestion, and lack of energy. Methods of prevention are listed, including use of latrines, washing of raw foods, washing the hands before eating, cooking food and water, wearing shoes, and taking parasite medications. A note at the end explains the objectives and programs of Profamilia and of family planning.
Statement on voluntary sterilization.
Voluntary surgical sterilization offers the advantages over other methods of being a once only procedure which eliminates the risk of unwanted pregnancy, does not entail regular checkups or require supplies or sustained motivation, and has a small risk of complication when properly performed. Counseling is particularly important in the case of voluntary sterilization and should include discussion of all contraceptive methods including their risks and benefits, emphasis on the permanence of the procedure and the small risk of failure, and discussion of all aspects of sterilization procedures and types of anesthetic available. Voluntary informed consent should be ensured and an adequate time interval should be allowed after counseling. The sterilizlation decision should not be made at a time of emotional stress. Both male and female sterilization can be carried out under local anesthetic with mild sedative, but when a general anesthetic is given the patient should be in the hands of a health professional trained in anesthesia and should fast for at least 6 hours preoperatively. Intubation and positive-pressure ventilation are recommended, and emergency resuscitation equipment must be available. Anesthesia is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality associated with female sterilization. Vasectomy is a simple operation performed under local anesthetic as an outpatient procedure, and should have no risk of mortality when properly done. Another method should be used until approximately 15 ejaculations have taken place. Laparoscopic female sterilization requires costly and sophisticated equipment and training and is best carried out in hospitals with specialized equipment and staff. Complications, although uncommon, may require experienced surgical intervention. The chance of puncture of abdominal viscera or blood vessels may be minimized with the new technique of open laparoscopy. Minilaparotomy is relatively simple, has less sophisticated training and equipment requirements, and is suggested for most family planning programs. Both procedures can be carried out under local or general anesthetic, and women can be discharged the same day. Vaginal approaches to the tubes are associated with more complications and are not frequently used. Studies are underway to assess the various occluding techniques; at present the Pomeroy technique is recommended for minilaps and rings and clips for laparoscopy. The most important late complication of female sterilization is pregnancy, which may be ectopic.
Japanese industrial standard: condoms. JIS T 9111-1966.
This standard relates to the Japanese specifications for condoms. Condom material should be natural rubber latex of not less than 17 cm. Methods are described to test elongation, tensile strength, and elongation after aging; the pinhole test is also outlined. Tests must satisfy the following requirements: 1) elongation, not less than 600%, 2) tensile strength, not less than 200 kg/sq cm, and 3) elongation after aging, not less than 540%. Each condom package is required to indicate designation, quantity, name of manufacturer, and date of manufacture.
[Compendium of activities of the Population Unit (October 1979-September 1980)]
The Population Unit was established as part of the Statistics Department in October 1979 to provide information on population to the Technical Secretariat of the Superior Council of Economic Planning. Since its creation it has received international technical and financial assistance, especially from the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). Functions to be carried out by the population unit include providing information on the population problems of the country and the necessity of including population dynamics in the planning process, participating in population activities, assisting in the development of a population policy, disseminating results of studies and prospective population policies, and evaluating the demographic impact of plans and policies. The Unit is comprised of Honduran technical and administrative personnel including 4 professionals with backgrounds in demography and of external collaborators. Activities of the unit have included preparation of population projections by age and sex for the nation and the departments and the organization of a center for population documentation that currently has about 800 documents. In addition to gathering data on Honduras's population, the unit is currently preparing population projections for municipalities, a monograph on the Honduran population, and a bibliographical bulletin for the Center for Population Documentation. The unit has received continuous technical assistance from various agencies and has organized 3 workshops on population for government officials and participated in the seminar on population communications organized by the National Program of Nonformal Education. 8 different publications have been prepared by the unit concerning population projections, demographic indicators, population documentation, and related matters.
A coordinated approach to children's health in India: progress report after five years (1975-1980).
This article reports the evaluation of the 2nd phase of the integrated child development services scheme (ICDS), launched in India on October 2, 1975 as an experimental project in 29 rural and tribal blocks and 4 urban slums. Data were analyzed to determine the impact of the coordinated approach for delivery of health and nutrition services in 1976-1980, when the experimental project changed to a national program to cover a larger population, and the rate of change due to ICDS in a year, comparing the 1st and 4th years of the program. The study sample was drawn from 56 ICDS blocks, 23 projects established in 1975-1976, and 33 in 1978-1979. All selected villages have similar socioeconomic conditions, with most of the population living below the poverty line. The randomly selected samples studied were: A--27,726 preschool children (16,989 rural, 5553 tribal, and 5184 urban), in whom a baseline study was conducted before ICDS projects began in 1976; B--27,487 preschool children (10,078 rural, 8291 tribal, and 9118 urban) whose baseline study was conducted before their ICDS programs began in 1979; C--15,882 from the same blocks as sample A but different children (9266 rural, 3822 tribal, and 2794 urban) who were surveyed in 1979-1980, about 3 years after the implementation of ICDS; D--10,947 children (5291 rural, 3228 tribal, and 2428 urban) from projects established in 1979 were surveyed before the projects began in 1979 and again after 1 year of ICDS; and E--2532 children (1552 rural, 570 tribal, and 410 urban) were selected from 6 ICDS projects established in 1976 and surveyed in 1979 and in 1980. The percentage of children receiving BCG immunization fell slightly from 1976-1979 (samples A and B), but the proportion receiving tetanus (DPT) rose in that time. Poliomyelitis immunization was not included in the national schedule but in 1979, 9.2% of children received it through an ad hoc program. There was an increase in vitamin A administration between 1976-1979, but distribution of supplementary nutrition remained almost the same. Severe malnutrition (grades 3 and 4) decreased from 19.1% in 1976 to 15.1% in 1979. Both BCG and DPT coverage were greater in sample C than in sample B. Health check-up and distribution of vitamin A and supplementary nutrition were significantly lower in Sample B than in sample C. Severe malnutrition was reduced to 10.8% in the children receiving services from ICDS compared with 15.1% in the population receiving health and nutriton services from the Department of Health and Social Welfare. BCG and DPT immunization coverage increased by 108% and 622%, respectively between 1976 and 1979. Health check-up, distribution of vitamin A, and supplementary nutrition showed increases of 221%, 412%, and 120%, respectively. Grade 3 and 4 malnutrition declined by 43.5%.
Hormonal contraception for men: acceptability and effects on sexuality.
Describes the collaborative effort, begun in 1976 by the Task Force on Male Antifertility Methods and the Task Force on Psychosocial Research in Family Planning, to address the question of acceptability of new methods of male contraception and their impact on sexual functioning. 199 volunteers between the ages of 25 and 45 were solicited from 6 cultural settings to test contraceptive drugs. All received incentive payments although the method of recruitment varied from country to country. Data were collected by means of pretested questionnaires administered by local interviewers. The contraceptive drugs tested were oral or injectable experimental hormonal methods. 2 classes of behavioral variables were analyzed: 1) measures of sexuality; and 2) measures of beliefs about and acceptability of contraceptives. Substantive results of the data must be interpreted with caution, owing to the small size of the sample. This consideration notwithstanding, the general consistency of the findings and their statistical significance warrant some tentative conclusions. Acceptability of the hormonal approach to male fertility regulation was relatively high at all centers at the beginning of the trial and remained so or increased during the treatment and recovery phases. Maintenance of enthusiasm for the new method was independent of incentives and was inversely related to the degree of adverse impact on sexual functioning, to the extent that no bad effects were experienced. While it is hazardous to predict actual expected usage on the basis of stated intent in the absence of direct data, this study suggests that a significant number of men (even if not the entire 76% claiming definite or possible intent to use such a method in the future) would use male hormonal contraceptives if they were made available.
A multicentered, multinational prospective study of the short-term complications associated with mini-incision for postpartum sterilization performed within 3 days of delivery was undertaken to determine the safety of this approach. Subjects were fully informed, multiparous volunteers with at least 1 living child who had uncomplicated deliveries and were medically fit for operation. Each of the participating centers, Bangkok, Chandigarh, Havana, Manila, Sydney, Santiago, and Singapore, provided premedication and anesthesia according to routine practice. Procedures were carried out via sub- or peri-umbilical incisions of less than 5 cm. Length of incision and duration of operation from incision to skin closure were longer in subjects receiving general anesthesia. Follow-up observations on the 1026 women were made at 8 hours, 1 week, and 6 weeks postoperation. Major complications occurred in 3 subjects; 40 of the 43 subjects with minor complications had wound complications, mostly minor infections. Other minor complications were signs of pelvic inflammatory disease in 2 patients. The majority of subjects with minor complaints, mostly abdominal pain or headache, were in Havana and Bangkok. It is concluded that sterilization in the immediate postpartum period through a mini-incision adjacent to the umbilicus is a safe procedure which can be simply and rapidly performed under regional or local anesthesia. The complication rate for the procedure was low, 4.5% overall, and no cases of thromboembolism were reported.
The health consequences of smoking--cancer: a report of the Surgeon General.
This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer. Cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer mortality in the US. Tobacco's contribution to all cancer deaths is estimated to be 30%. Cigarette smokers have total cancer death rates twice as great as nonsmokers. This report reviews the many sources of scientific evidence relating cigarette smoking to each cancer by type of anatomic site and evaluates the evidence according to established criteria for experimental carcinogenesis and human epidemiological studies. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of cancer of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. The risks are associated with exposure and greatly decrease with cessation. Cigarette smoking is a contributory factor in the development of cancer of the bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach, and possibly the uterine cervix. Recent evidence and observations on tobacco carcinogenesis are presented. Developments in testing methodology have enabled the measurements of biologic activity of whole cigarettes, tar, and tar fractions. The relative tumorigenic potential of whole smoke can be estimated from tests with hamsters and mice. The identification, formation, and metabolic activation of organ specific carcinogens have been studied which help explain the increased risk to cigarette smokers of certain cancers. Areas requiring additional monitoring and research include: transplacental carcinogenesis, carcinogenic potential of new cigarettes and of snuff tobaccos, and the effects of different air dilution and filtration on smoke exposure. Available evidence is reviewed on involuntary or passive smoking. Sidestream smoke does include known carcinogens and 2 epidemiological studies have linked passive smoking with increased risk of lung cancer. Information on spontaneous smoking cessation in adolescents is also reviewed. Individual initiative and social support have been linked with successful outcomes. Prevention programs focusing on social and immediate consequences of smoking rather than longterm health consequences have been successful.
Randomized comparative study of culdoscopy and minilaparotomy for surgical contraception in women.
Informed, healthy women volunteers seeking interval sterilization were randomly allocated either to culdoscopy or to minilaparotomy. Data concerning the operation follow-up and to 6 weeks postoperation were analyzed for 199 women in the culdoscopy group and 196 in the minilaparotomy group. Major complications, both at the time of operation and subsequent, occurred only in the vaginal procedure group (3%). Minor complications occurred in 3.6% of women in the minilaparotomy group, the majority of these involving the abdominal wound. In the women operated on vaginally, minor complications occurred in 1.5%. Failure to perform the intended procedure on the fallopian tubes occurred in 10.6% of culdoscopy cases and 0.5% of the minilaparotomy cases. It is concluded that the vaginal approach cannot be recommended except for surgeons experienced in vaginal surgery. (author's)
Report of the Advisory Group on Contraceptive Development Research.
The Advisory Group on Contraceptive Research, established by the Executive Director of UNFPA to advise on the possible role of UNFPA in contraceptive research and development, noted that greater efforts are needed to improve existing methods of contraception, develop new ones, and adapt them for country level use if worldwide fertility is to be reduced. Despite the need, funding for research in contraception and reproduction declined in constant 1973 US dollars from $117,430,000 in 1973 to $96 million in 1979. Both public and private sector reearch expenditures declined. Promising leads are not being exploited for lack of funds, and major increases in expenditures will be needed if necessary progress is to be made. The Group argued that development of improved technology must involve strengthening the research capabilities of developing countries, and suggested that initial emphasis be placed on clinical testing and evaluation acceptability studies, operational research, and related studies rather than on sophisticated basic biomedical research. The group also recommended that UNFPA play a major catalytic and leadership role in the field, by stimulating and coordinating research and development efforts over a sustained time in cooperation with other agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank. Appointment of a small group of independent advisers to assist in allocating resources and making recommendations about research aspects of country programs was suggested. The group held that research capability strengthening should be promoted within existing UNFPA country programs and suggested committing at least 5% of total program resources to a separate fund for contraceptive research and development within the intercountry program. The group suggestsed that at least 3% of total program resources should be committed to longterm financial support of the WHO Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), contingent on adjustments in HRP organizational structure to allow more active participation by donors and recipients in policy decisions. UNFPA should also provide financial support to other organizations whose research projects meet specific criteria for determining which contraceptive technologies are likely to be suitable for wide application in developing countries over the next 10-15 years.
Contraceptive prevalence survey: model questionnaire.
This model questionnaire was prepared by the Westinghouse Health Systems to collect contraceptive prevalence data. The Contraceptive Prevalence Survey (CPS) is an international research program designed to assist developing countries in carrying out periodic surveys concerning knowledge, use, and availability of family planning methods. Survey objectives are: determine contraceptive prevalence rates on the national and subnational levels; examine rate differentials to assess the impact of family planning services; and institutionalize the CPS so that the surveys are done on a regular basis. The 2nd section of the questionnaire provides information on the reproductive behavior and intentions of the respondent such as pregnancy experience, birth, breastfeeding, current family size, sex distribution, desire for additional children, timing of next pregnancy, and wanted and unwanted births. Section 3 provides information on the knowledge and use of family planning. Particular methods of contraceptive use, duration of and problems with current method, and information on nonusers is provided here. Questions in Section 4 help to ascertain whether respondents know where to obtain modern methods of contraception. Information on current method use can be used to assess program workload and to measure the contribution of public and private sources in the provision of family planning services. Data from nonusers provide insight into the connection between availability-related variables and nonuse. The final section is concerned with marital status. This textual introduction plus all of the data collection forms are included in complete form in English, French, and Spanish.
[Sample household survey, 1976: national summary, second semester]
For a previous report concerning this survey, see 44: Title 4756. The current report presents data at the national level on the population of Venezuela by age group, sex, and area; households; and the labor force (ANNOTATION)
This [is part of a] sample household survey is taken periodically to provide national and regional labor force data for Venezuela. Data are included on the population over age 15 by sex, area, age group, education, and occupation (ANNOTATION)
This [is part of a] sample household survey is taken periodically to provide national and regional labor force data for Venezuela. Data are included on the population over age 15 by sex, area, age group, education, and occupation (ANNOTATION)
This [is part of a] sample household survey is taken periodically to provide national and regional labor force data for Venezuela. Data are included on the population over age 15 by sex, area, age group, education, and occupation (ANNOTATION)
Concise report on the monitoring of population policies
"This article presents a concise report on the findings of the second round of monitoring of population policies, called for in the World Population Plan of Action. It summarizes the findings as they refer to Governments' perceptions and policies with regard to population increase, mortality, fertility, internal migration and international migration. It also provides a general picture of some present and future problems associated with population policies in both developed and developing countries (EXCERPT)
[Fifth general census of population: demography]
This is the first volume containing final results of the 1975 census of Uruguay. Data are included on general population characteristics, including age, sex, marital status, and fertility; migration, including usual place of residence now and five years previously; and household size (ANNOTATION)
[National Survey on the Prevalence of the Use of Contraceptive Methods: Costa Rica, 1978. In 2 vols]
[Forecasting population, employment, and urban growth: the University Chair of Quetelet, 1980]
This volume represents the proceedings of a conference held at Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, April 23-25, 1980. The papers cover both theoretical and practical aspects of forecasting and projections (ANNOTATION)
Study of I.U.D. acceptance and retention rates, Rajasthan.
IUD acceptors in Rajasthan, India, are analyzed in terms of factors including religion, residence, age, education, income, and number of living children. Retention rates are also discussed (ANNOTATION)
The National Commission for Family Life Promotion, a mandated commission under the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Thailand, works to promote family life with integrity and dignity so that the family can function as a primary force for social development. The Commission's policy statements for 1981-82 were the following: seminars and training shall be promoted throughout Thailand in order to introduce the right attitude and values concerning the family's dignity and integrity and its role and responsibilities toward the society; initiation of activities dealing with the promotion of any aspect of the family member's life and the family's social responsibilities shall be supported; collaborations, cooperation, and support from development centers of various dioceses, including other agencies, shall be sought in the effort to carry out the Commission's activities; and the Commission shall create and develop family life promotion leaders capable of operating projects independently, under the mandate of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Thailand, by establishing a local committee responsible for drawing up policies and assuming administrative, informational, and social service functions. To implement these policies the operation committee has developed plans of activities consisting for 2 levels as follows: the national level; and the local diocese level. The Secretariat has categorized the national level of activities into 2 types: the coordinating activity and the supporting activities. The coordinating activities include: conducting meetings and conferences for the committee member representatives of the Family Life Promotion offices; organizing training programs; organizing staff development programs; publicity; and coordinating activities with other agencies. The activities undertaken by the Secretariat in 1980 to support the principles and the works of promoting family life as a basis for social development were the following: a pilot study on the natural methods of family planning by mucus observation; nutrition and sanitation project; publication of "Family Life Manual;" introduction of family life concepts to the students in the school; a campaign organized to educate the public and protest the abortion law; and a campaign organized for the "Family Day." The various activities are reviewed.
The three-year action plans (1983-1985) of the Commission.
The National Commission for Family Life Promotion believes that the family life promotion effort can best be conducted by first giving the people proper education. As educating the people nationwide is an enormous task, recruitment and training of personnel must take priority over other activities. The nationwide educational activities for the population of Thailand are to be carried out through the concerted efforts of local work teams formed in each village or diocese with the personnel recruited from each respective locality. The recruitment and training of personnel for local work teams has been going on since 1980 and by 1982 the Commission realized its goal of establishing local work teams staffed with regular officials and volunteers who assumed the roles of leadership and coordination. The task to be accomplished during 1983-85 is implementation of nationwide educational activities for the people. The functions of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Thailand were grouped under the 4 Commissions: the Pastoral; the Social; the Educational; and the Public Relations. The family life promotion project was placed under the Social Commission. Activities of Family Life Promotion are organized into 2 separate levels, the national and the local diocese level. The national level activities are to be carried out by the 3 interrelated organizational units: the National Commission for Family Life Promotion; the Executive Committee; and the Secretariat. The main functions of the Secretariat are to direct, support, and coordinate the activities of family life promotion, whereas the duties of the local work teams are to make direct contacts with the people in the local communities. The activities of the local work teams in the dioceses are organizing training courses and projects in the area of family life promotion. The 4 projects that have been planned for the next 3 years are: the natural family planning project; health promotion (nutrition and sanitation) project; promotion and public relations; and coordination activities. During the last 20 years Thai families have continually faced social problems and social changes in various aspects as discussed in the following topic areas: economic problems and changes; health problems; educational problems; and social illness.
Papers and summaries of discussions from the Asia Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys Regional Workshop held in Pattaya, Thailand, in 1981 are presented. The report begins with 2 papers describing and tracing the history of the worldwide Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys (CPS) Project and explaining the interest of the US Agency for International Development in the surveys. The objectives of the workshop and its participants are then detailed. CPS country presentations for Bangladesh, Korea, Nepal, and Thailand are followed by summaries of small-group discussions of data problems. A diagram of the planning process established the framework for the remaining work. A general discussion of the assessment of country data needs is accompanied by brief statements of programs for which data are needed, purpose of data collection, data available and data needed in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Korea, Nepal, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Reports of sessions on how to match a CPS to available resources and how to develop and implement CPS are then given. A discussion of the institutionalization of CPS is followed by final reports for the 7 participating countries. The workshop agenda and list of participants is included in the report.
Family planning: an exercise in preventive medicine.
The purpose of this document is to describe the role of general practitioners in family planning and to suggest ways of increasing their contribution. In 1978 approximately 2,200,000 women received contraceptive advice from family doctors and another 1.5 million attended family planning clinics in England and Wales. Although family planning services are provided mainly by the general practitioner, each memeber of the primary care team has a role to play. Midwives, health visitors, and community nurses can provide a domiciliary service for people requiring it, and can refer persons in need of advice. Groups requiring family planning advice have differing needs: married couples still have a large number of unwanted pregnancies; postnatal women should receive counseling on family planning as part of normal obstetric practice; women over age 35 should not be encouraged to use the pill and may need advice on other methods; young people under 20 need contraceptive services because of the increasing precocity of sexual experience; women seeking abortions should be counseled on future contraception; socially deprived persons are often reluctant to seek services; and the mentally or physically handicapped or persons with recent illnesses may require specialized advice. Screening procedures associated with contraceptive care include vaginal examinations, which should not be insisted upon in every case if they deter women from seeking contraception; recording blood pressure for women receiving oral contraceptives; and routine weighing, which may not be necessary after the 1st consultation. Cervical cytology, breast examination, urine testing, and rubella antibody screening in some cases merit consideration as a closely related area of preventive medicine. Family planning consultations also afford general practitioners the opportunity to detect and treat psychosexual problems, and to educate patients about the dangers of smoking and of sexually transmitted diseases. It is recommended that all members of the primary care team receive specialized training in family planning.
Many natural methods help to identify the different phases of a woman's cycle. 3 basic methods are used: the rhythm method (Ogino); the temperature method; and the cervical mucus method (Billings). These methods attempt to identify the 3 distinctive phases in a woman's menstrual cycle--days of complete infertility; days of high level fertility; and days of low level fertility--by calculating days (rhythm), temperature variation, or by analyzing the texture of the mucus. As yet, it is not possible with any method or device to predict ovulation with precision. Thus it may be worthwhile to combine some of the methods in order to identify the ovulation period with more accuracy. Ovulation and each of the 3 natural methods are reviewed in detail. Of the 3 methods described together with their combinations, the cervical mucus method calls for a high capacity on the part of the user to identify the proper texture for a correct diagnosis. This method may also be distasteful to some women. It is because of these practical considerations and questionable effectiveness that Bioself 101 is based on the rhythm and temperature methods. What is required is an inexpensive device that is precise and easy to use. The device must aid a woman to identify her ovulatory phase and the fertile and infertile periods of her menstrual cycle to be used as effectively as possible. Bioself 101 is based on the rhythm and temperature methods. It is a fertility indicator with a memory that can interpret given data and indicate a woman's position in her cycle on a daily basis. The advantages of Bioself are numerous. They include: precise temperature taken in 2 minutes; no reading or recording of temperature by the user; time required to take temperature is controlled to minimize errors; and all the user need do is press a button on the 1st day of menstruation to register the cycle length. The program used by the device follows each method and has been developed by specialists to record the length of each phase of the cycle with a high degree of accuracy. Bioself is a good solution for women seeking a natural form of contraception. The Bioself can also be of assistance with couples who have been unable to conceive. The Bioself will also prove useful to the gynecologist and general practitioner, family planning centers, research centers in universities and fertility clinics, and the pharmacist. The following other methods of contraception are briefly described in terms of their effectiveness and side effects: IUD, diaphragms and caps, condoms, spermicides, oral contraceptives, sterilization, and abortion.
[The prevalence and duration of breast-feeding: a critical review of available information]
Worldwide, the major health problems of mothers and children and high rates of morbidity and mortality result from 3 interrelated problems: malnutrition, infections, and closely spaced pregnancies. These problems are often associated with other unfavorable social and environmental factors and are closely related to breastfeeding practices. Breast milk provides the balanced nutritional requirements to meet the needs of infants and also plays a vital role in the prevention of infection. In most cases, supplemental foods should be introduced at 4-6 months, and progresssively increased and varied until the child can eat the regular family diet at age 18-30 months. Changes in breastfeeding habits have direct implications for infant health and well-being. Evidence from individual surveys on the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding are collated to quantify trends. Large disparities in breastfeeding practices are revealed among regions, countries and population groups. In Africa, nearly all of the 21 million infants are breastfed for a usual duration of 20 months for rural and urban poor groups and 6 months among the urban elite. Supplementation begins between 3-6 months postpartum. In Middle and Western South Asia, breastfeeding is almost universal, although supplementation for rural and urban poor groups is late. In Eastern South Asia and East Asia, rural prevalence is high, but durations are lower for both rural and urban groups. Declines in prevalence among the urban elite are evident. In the Latin American region, prevalence is high but duration is variable. For rural populations, duration longer than 1 year is rare and supplementation begins early, except in parts of South America. Breastfeeding prevalence and duration fell steadily until about 1970 in all parts of Europe. As in North America, prevalence rates in Europe have shown recent increases. Comparatively, the rates in Australia and New Zealand are much higher, 70-80%. The data indicate that among groups that tend to supplement early, durations tend to be short. 3 phases emerge from viewing the data: the traditional phase with high prevalence and duration, the transformation phase with prevalence falling and durations shorter, and the resurgence phase with rising prevalence and duration. One theory suggests that within countries, breastfeeding practices tend to follow the lead of elite groups, and developing countries tend to follow developed countries. Another theory suggests that industrialization and socioeconomic change forces a change in lifestyles. Understanding the trends in breastfeeding practices can help to identify junctures at which interventions are likely to be necessary.
Brasilia declaration on population and development.
This declaration emanates from the Western Hemisphere Conference of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. It states that the goals of development and population policy are to improve the quality of human life and acknowledges the interrelationship of these policies. The 1982 population of the Western Hemisphere is estimated to be 634 million and projected to double by the year 2020, an increase which threatens to deplete natural resources, outpace improvements in food production, and aggravate the already high unemployment levels. In addition to the problem of rapid population growth, the other major problems of the region are a great inequity in the distribution of goods and resources, rapid urbanization, a high unemployment rate and the resulting migration of undocumented workers, and inequality of women, a high infant and child mortality rate, and the plight of abandoned children. Parliamentarians and governments are called upon to promote understanding of these problems; to expand socioeconomic development programs, giving priority to small cities and rural area as a means to encourage balanced growth; to guarantee full equality of women, emphasizing the need for control of their own fertility and the need for family planning services; to stress primary health care services and give priority to health interventions that benefit children; and to improve the general welfare of children. Governments are urged to pass legislation to further these goals and to support relevant organizations.
[Indications for oral contraceptives: recommendations of the Swiss Family Planning Association]
The following indications must be observed in prescribing ovulation preventatives: 1) use the lowest possible dose of estrogen and gestagen; 2) observe the contraindications at age 30-35 when the risk is very great, and use alternative methods when possible after age 40; 3) check every 6 months to 1 year during the office visit; 4) observe the absolute contraindications (thromboses, embolisms, blood vessel damage, hypertony, hormone-dependent tumors, insulin-dependent diabetes, abnormal genital bleeding); 5) observe the relative contraindications (gynecological age less than 2 years, menstruation less than 1 year, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, venous thrombosis of the legs, certain cardiac diseases, acute jaundice, jaundice of pregnancy, certain bilirubin disturbances, depression, migraine headaches, epilepsy, and others); 6) discontinue use of the contraceptive upon appearance of thromboembolisms, hypertony, disturbances of vision, longterm immobilization of the patient (e.g., during an operation), and pregnancy; and 7) the effect of the contraceptive is lessened by longterm use or abuse of analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsives, hypnotics, sedatives, and tranquilizers, as well as by others (dihydroergotamine, for example).
Order No. 80 of the Ministry of Health of the Czechoslovakia Socialist Republic, dated June 6, 1980, amends and supplements Order No. 71 of 1973 for the implementation of Law No. 68 of 1957 on the artificial termination of pregnancy. Under subsection 4 of Section 3 of Order No. 80, abortion may now be authorized in the case of women who have had or are bringing up at least 3 (previously 4) children, provided that at least 6 months have elapsed since any previous abortion. Section 5 of the order permits the authorization of abortion on genetic grounds even if the pregnancy is of over 12 weeks' duration or if a previous pregnancy has been terminated during the preceding 12 months. The abortion may be authorized only up to the end of the 24th week of pregnancy, and up to the end of the 26th week of pregnancy if evidence exists that the fetus is suffering from serious, incurable disorders of physical or mental development. A new subsection 6 allows abortion to be authorized in cases where pregnancy results from a failure of an intrauterine contraceptive or where pregnancy and childbirth may lead to a substantial deterioration in the woman's physical or mental health or to an exceptional deterioration in the family's social status, even if the woman has already had an abortion during the preceding 12 months. Genetic indications identified in Item 14 of the Order include serious hereditary diseases and developmental defects if the risk to the conceptus exceeds 10% and factors producing confirmed mutagenic and teratogenic effects upon the conceptus.
[Contraception research: pills and Depo-Provera, contributions from England and the USA]
Several writings concerning the safety and side effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) and Depo-Provera which originally appeared in England and the US are translated or reproduced. Introductions in German to the 2 sections summarize and explain the significance of the issues and findings. 2 of the articles on OCs appear in German, 1 by V. Beral and C.R. Kay reporting results of the Royal College of General Practitioners study on mortality among OC users which originally appeared in Lancet in October 1977, and 1 by A.K. Jain on cigarette smoking, use of OCs, and myocardial infarction which appeared in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology in October 1976. The study by M.P. Vessey, K. McPherson, and B. Johnson of mortality among women particiapting in the Oxford/Family Planning Association contraceptive study appears in English only. German translations are provided of the study of long-acting depot progestogen in family planning by E. Wilson that appeared in the British Medical Journal in December 1976; the article on use of Depo-Provera among poor women by A. Johnson that appeared in the Public Citizen of December 1976, and position papers on the use of Depo-Provera by the US Food and Drug Administration and the Upjohn Company. Position papers on Depo-Provera use by the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the World Health Organization appear in English.
[Rubber condoms. Pt. 1. Sampling plans and limit requirements. Discussion of ISO/TC 157/WG2 N12]
Both tests for the physical strength of the condom have advantages. The bursting tests are favorable for the consumer, and the tensile tests are favorable for the manufacturer. Sweden prefers bursting tests. It is suggested that minimum requirements for the tensile strength and elongation at break be introduced. The Swedish comments to document number 96 indicate that either inspection by attributes or inspection by variable could be used. The inspection procedures were studied more in detail by listing the results obtained during 1979 in the Swedish import control. From the results from the import control it can be seen that lots were accepted containing 1 specimen with bursting volumes less than 10 liters. If inspection level 1 and AQL 0.65% is used, an acceptance number of 3 and a rejection number of 4 is found. The sample size would be 200 pieces. That sample size would increase the work to control the strength of condoms 100% compared to what is done today in Sweden. Since the acceptance number is as high as 3, it is believed to be possible to use a smaller sample size without taking too much risk. An inspection level S-4 and AQL 0.65% is suggested. This would give an acceptance number of 1, a rejection number of 2, and a sample size of 80 pieces. This is about the same quality as is demanded today.
Standard test methods for rubber properties in tension.
This standard test methods for rubber properties in tension covers the following: scope; applicable documents; a summary of methods; significance; definitions; apparatus; selection of test specimens; calibration of testing machine; test temperature; characteristics of piece tested; and apparatus, preparation of test specimens, procedure, and calculation for Methods A--dumbbell and straight specimens--and B--cut ring specimens. These methods cover the tension testing of rubber at various temperatures. Measurements of tensile stress at given elongations, tensile strength, ultimate elongation, and tensile set are included. The agreement between data from methods A and B specimens is generally good, but when such specimens are used, the results should be compared only with those obtained from specimens of similar size and shape. The methods start with a piece taken from the sample and include: the preparation of the specimen and the testing of the specimen. Specimens may be in the shape of a dumbbell, ring, or straight piece of uniform section and may be of various sizes. Measurements of tensile stress, tensile strength, and ultimate elongation are made on specimens that have not been prestressed. Tensile stress and tensile strength are based on the original cross sectional area of a uniform section of that specimen. Measurement of tensile set is made after a specimen has been extended and allowed to retract by a prescribed procedure without prestressing. The tensile properties of rubber are not intrinsic characteristics but depend on both the material and the conditions of test such as rate of extension, temperature, humidity, geometry of specimen, inertia of dynamometer in tester, and environmental or mechanical preconditioning. Modest changes in rate of extension caused by type of tester (pendulum versus inertialess) have little or no effect on the tensile properties of most rubbers. As temperature may have a significant effect on tensile properties, it should be controlled. For most rubbers, humidity has a small effect that can be neglected. Tensile strength and ultimate elongation depend on the volume of the specimen and stress concentrations due to shape of specimens. Inertia type dynamometers may give erroneous results if the load capacity of the tester is too high or too low for the material being tested. The periods of extension a d recovery and other conditions of test need to be controlled in order to obtain comparable results.
The Integrated Family Planning and Parasite Control Program (FPPC) began in 1975 in Thailand by the Community Based Family Planning Service (CBFPS), the major bureau of the Population and Community Development Association. There are 2 components to the program: 1) the rural, which integrates parasite control activities into 4 rural districts, and provides information, education and services carried out by the villagers; and 2) the urban, which provides parasitic examination and treatment, general health examinations, and health education for schools. The urban program has shown greater potential for cost recovery and self sufficiency. In the school program dental and x-ray services have been added and there are almost 200 factories where family planning and parasite control services are made available. During 1981 CBFPS trained 300 youth corps volunteers on family planning and parasite control who have helped to increase public awareness of health problems. Through the mass media information on family planning, parasite control, and nutrition were distributed. These programs have shown that where there is great income disparity between urban and rural people cost recovery and self sufficiency can only occur if urban and rural programs are combined with urban programs subsidizing rural ones. This has been achieved with drugs or contraceptives being made available as a gift to CBFPS. An experiment of increasing rural income through marketing farm produce has been successful; the villages use the money to purchase health care. As of September 1981 the integrated program of FPPC will begin to expand into 15 districts with a mobile team of medical personnel visiting major villages of each district every 3 months. The majority of personnel costs are borne by the development and mobile health project while FPPC funds will pay for basic necessities.
In November 1981 the Asociacion Peru Mujer and the Cajamarca Women's Democratic Front (FREDEMUC) jointly sponsored a workshop-seminar to examine the problems faced by women in Peru and especially Cajamarca and to try to find ways of increasing women's status and solving common problems. The seminar was attended by university students, peasant women from a nearby community, household workers, and the mostly urban middle class members of FREDEMUC. Each group had distinct characteristics and problems. The program was designed to address the needs of each specific group, but each group received instruction in family planning and anatomy and had access to medical consultations. The central themes were self image, group work, and voluntary parenthood, and the content was adapted for each group. Lectures, simple audiovisual aids, question and answer sessions, and discussion groups were used. The most difficult aspect of the sessions was achieving understanding of the menstrual cycle, the most difficult group to reach because of limited participation was the student segment, and the groups most freely participating were the household workers and FREDEMUC members. Participants included 34 students, among whom 23 were aged 21-26 years, 24 were single, and 9 had children; and 32 household workers, of whom 14 were aged 16-20 and 15 were 21-25, 23 were single, and 12 had children. The opinions expressed in the final session devoted to evaluation were positive and stressed appreciation of the attitude of the women conducting the sessions and the information imparted.
Age, sex, race, and Spanish origin of the population by regions, divisions, and states: 1980
This report presents 1980 U.S. census data on age composition and median age for the 50 states, the District of Colombia, divisions, regions, and the country as a whole. Data are also provided on sex, race, and Spanish origin, with age detail for these groups at the national level (ANNOTATION)
Race of the population by states: 1980
Sweden: better health for all by the year 2000.
This paper is based on a pamphlet, "Starting points and guidelines: HS 90, the Swedish health services in the 1990s," published by the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. Analysis of the health of the Swedish people shows that many factors outside the direct scope of the health services play a part in determining health. Cooperation between all social services and sectors which affect health is stressed. Public health services must take the offensive against the causes of sickness, rather than remain preoccupied with treating those already ill. Health hazards in the environment, patterns of disease, and present trends in health care are briefly discussed. Health services account for nearly 10% of the national economy; more than 90% of the cost of medical care comes from public funds. Long term planning, coordination of county level activities, and research into nursing care and epidemiology are noted as essential for a new, more aggressive health policy.
Population profile of the United States: 1980
Data are included on U.S. population growth and distribution; age and sex structure; fertility; social characteristics, including marital status, households, and school enrollment; employment; income; and race and Spanish origin (ANNOTATION)
This report presents the first results of an international project conducted under World Health Organization auspices and designed to identify the demographic, biological, health and sanitation, and environmental factors affecting maternal and child health. The report includes background information on the demographic and health situation in Algeria, the methodology used to survey infant mortality, and the results of the survey. Data are included on socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and the components of infant and child mortality. (ANNOTATION)
This is the second of four volumes containing the proceedings of a meeting that focused on the demographic situation in francophone Africa. This volume contains 14 papers on the definition of and methods for analyzing urban growth, demographic aspects of urban growth, and urban growth in relation to economic and social development (ANNOTATION)
Second semiannual report to Congress. 96th Congress, 2nd Session, Joint Committee Print.
The Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy conducted 12 regional hearings, site visits, consultations, and research projects in social science and law in order to review US immigration laws and policies. Migration pressures continue to increase and large scale dislocations of people will remain for many years since most of the world is poor, not free, and migration is seen as a way to improve life. The US cannot hide from these pressures but also cannot be the single refuge for all of these people. The US must: 1) respond to a portion of the world's oppressed peoples; 2) be responsible to its own people, especially the poor; and 3) be consistent in refugee policy. Also legal immigration cannot be cut back because the US failed to gain control over illegal immigration. Hearings were held on the topics of immigration problems of US territories, economic development, and protection of the US labor force. Analysis of public opinion involved public officials, ethnic, religious, labor, and civic groups, agricultural and educational organizations, and women's groups. The Commission believes that: 1) a legalization program must be accompanied by a program of enforcement to curtail new flows of illegal aliens to the US; 2) there can no longer be unlimited immigration, even though the US must continue to be a model of liberty and opportunity; and 3) the Immigration and Nationality Act must be revised so that the policy is translated into practice in a simplified manner. Questions which remain include: 1) would a temporary worker program be inimical to US interests, 2) should the US eliminate or modify the present preference system which includes the married children and relatives of US citizens, 3) how should the government protect US labor in the selection of immigrants, and 4) how many immigrants each year would best serve US interests. The Commission's final report will be submitted on March 1, 1981.
6 centers participated in a randomized comparison of the TCu 220C, Lippes Loop D, and Copper 7 intrauterine devices inserted immediately following spontaneous abortion. A total of 1060 insertions were performed with no perforations detected within the 1st 48 hours; only 9 subjects had complaints. At 390 and 750 days the continuation rates of all devices were equal. The expulsion rates were much lower than those with insertion immediately following the delivery of the placenta. There were no ectopic pregnancies reported and the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease was low. It can be concluded that IUD insertion following spontaneous abortion in subjects with no signs of pelvic infection is safe and not associated with uterine perforation or a subsequent increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. (author's modified)