| 1. Title: Who gets primary schooling in Pakistan: inequalities among and within families. Author: Sathar ZA; Lloyd CB Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 1993. 43 p. (Research Division Working Papers No. 52) Abstract: This multivariate analysis is an examination of factors affecting primary school attendance among and within families in Pakistan. Data were obtained from the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey on a national sample of 4711 households and 6872 children. Pakistan is described as experiencing rapid growth in per capita income, despite low levels of investment in education. Development policy is slow to recognize the need for guaranteeing at least a primary education. Additional problems are the inability to keep pace with facilities, particularly in rural areas. Schooling is not compulsory. Access is limited, and parents must pay expenses. School enrollment was reported as 49.3% in 1989-90. The enrollment reflects a slight increase and a wider gap between genders (64% for boys and 34% for girls). The Punjab reports the highest enrollment and the lowest gender differences. In urban areas, completion of primary school is the same for both genders (60-61%), but, in rural areas, there is a gap (53% for boys and 43% for girls). Primary school costs may be 5-20% of a family's average annual income. 18% of urban girls and 5% of boys lack access to any school within one kilometer of home. 21% of rural girls either lack access or have access only to a public facility. Private facilities are lacking in rural areas. The statistically significant findings indicate that maternal schooling and household consumption increase the probability of completion of primary school and the probability of school enrollment for both sexes in urban and rural areas. The quality and accessibility of single sex schools for girls is a significant determinant of girls schooling. The number of siblings does not affect enrollment but does reduce parents' investment in educational quality. Access to a private school increases the likelihood of girls completing primary school in urban and rural areas, while additional children reduces the probability of completion of school. The determinants of educational quality are maternal education, household consumption, and father's literacy. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | INEQUALITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | HOUSEHOLDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Schools | Education | Population | Family and Household Document Number: 092039 |
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